TH17细胞和Treg细胞在梅毒血清固定发病机制中的作用
The Role of TH17 Cells and Treg Cells in the Pathogenesis of Serofast Syphilis
DOI: 10.12677/md.2026.162027, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 牛楚楚*, 仁 波*, 任士威:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;郭 焕#:济宁医学院附属医院检验科,山东 济宁;卢 彬:济宁医学院附属医院皮肤科,山东 济宁
关键词: 梅毒血清固定Th17/Treg细胞细胞免疫失衡细胞免疫抑制Syphilis Serofast TH17/Treg Cells Cellular Immune Imbalance Cellular Immunosuppression
摘要: 人们对梅毒的自然历史了解很多,但对梅毒血清固定的发病机制的了解不够深入,由于梅毒在中国的患病率不断上升,血清固定率也出现了较大的增长,然而梅毒血清固定的发生机制尚不明确,而且患者的临床预后往往存在多种不确定因素,因此血清固定已经成为梅毒的预防和控制,尤其是临床诊断和治疗所面临的疑难问题。目前有研究表明梅毒血清固定和多种因素有关,比如梅毒螺旋体的免疫原性,临床因素,体液免疫,细胞免疫和免疫失衡。特别地,细胞免疫中的Th17细胞的免疫作用以及它与Treg细胞失衡在梅毒血清固定的发病机制中扮演着重要角色。
Abstract: People have a lot of knowledge about the natural history of syphilis, but the understanding of the pathogenesis of syphilis serofast is not deep enough. Due to the rising prevalence of syphilis in China, the serofast rate has also increased greatly. However, the pathogenesis of syphilis serofast is not clear, and there are many uncertain factors in the clinical prognosis of patients. Therefore, serofast has become a difficult problem in the prevention and control of syphilis, especially in clinical diagnosis and treatment. At present, studies have shown that syphilis serofast is related to a variety of factors, such as the immunogenicity of Treponema pallidum, clinical factors, humoral immunity, cellular immunity and immune imbalance. In particular, the immune function of Th17 cells in cellular immunity and its imbalance with Treg cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of syphilis seroresistance. This article reviews the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of serofast syphilis.
文章引用:牛楚楚, 仁波, 郭焕, 卢彬, 任士威. TH17细胞和Treg细胞在梅毒血清固定发病机制中的作用 [J]. 医学诊断, 2026, 16(2): 197-205. https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2026.162027

1. 前言

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体(Tp)引起的性传播感染(STI),可累及多系统(如神经系统、心血管系统、消化系统、呼吸系统等) [1]-[3]。1990~2019年,全球梅毒病例增加60.83% [4]。而先天性梅毒的增长更为迅猛,从2016年的70万例升至2023年的150万例[5]。值得注意的是,低收入和中等收入国家的梅毒发病率尤为突出[6]。在中国,梅毒发病率同样呈现上升趋势,且地区间差异较大,高发区已从沿海地区向内陆转移[7] [8]。梅毒患者经过规范驱梅治疗后临床症状消失,在排除生物学假阳性、再感染及神经梅毒等其他系统感染后,其外周血NTT在规定的随访时间(早期梅毒2年,晚期梅毒3年)结束后持续不转阴,这种现象称为梅毒血清固定[9]。有研究表明,一期、二期、三期和潜伏梅毒血清固定的发生率分别为3.80%~15.20%、11.64%~35.80%、45.02%~45.90%和27.41%~40.50%,其中三期梅毒和潜伏梅毒可能是梅毒血清固定的相关危险因素[10] [11]。现在有不少研究表明性别、梅毒分期、TRUST初始滴度、NK细胞抑制、细胞免疫失衡等都是血清固定的危险因素,然而梅毒血清固定发病机制尚不明了[12]-[14]。临床上重复治疗或增加治疗剂量和治疗次数无助于改善梅毒血清固定状态,这种状态严重影响患者的日常生活,危害患者的身心健康[15]-[17]。因此,研究梅毒血清固定发病机制为治疗与防控提供指导尤为重要。

2. Th17细胞和Treg细胞

辅助性T细胞(Helper T cells,简称Th细胞)是一类在免疫系统中扮演重要角色的细胞。它们通过分泌多种细胞因子来激活和调节其他类型的免疫细胞,从而在免疫反应中发挥核心作用。Th细胞可以根据其分泌的细胞因子和功能特性被分为多个亚群,其中Th17细胞是一个独特且重要的分支,主要分泌白细胞介素-17 (IL-17),诱导自身免疫组织损伤中起关键作用[18]。IL-17能够介导中性粒细胞活化,并诱导趋化因子和前炎症因子的生成。此外,它还可以与肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)、干扰素-γ (IFN-γ)及IL-1等其他细胞因子协同作用,发挥放大炎症反应[19]。这种协同作用在机体抵抗多种病原体感染(包括细菌、真菌、梅毒螺旋体、结核分枝杆菌、病毒及寄生虫等)中发挥重要作用,并且与自身免疫性疾病的发生、发展密切相关[20]。调节性T细胞(Tregs)是一种特殊的CD4+淋巴细胞亚群,具有调节功能,可抑制过度和不受控制的免疫反应,抑制适应性和先天免疫细胞,它不会进一步分化为稳定的亚群[21]。它是一类具有免疫抑制功能的CD4⁺ T细胞亚群,可以通过CTLA-4抑制共刺激信号、PD-1/PD-L1抑制效应T细胞、直接细胞毒性作用直接杀伤效应T细胞或APCs,或者分泌IL-35直接抑制效应T细胞活化及IL-10抑制APC成熟和促炎细胞因子产生等方式来是维持免疫耐受、防止自身免疫反应并调控炎症平衡[22]-[25]。由此可见Th17/Treg细胞的动态平衡对维持机体适应性免疫内环境的稳定起着重要作用。

3. Th17/Treg细胞失衡与梅毒血清固定

近年来,越来越多的研究发现,Th17/Treg细胞动态平衡的破坏与梅毒血清固定的形成之间存在着密切的关系。ROR-γt和叉头盒蛋白P3转录因子(Foxp3)是Th17细胞和Treg细胞表面特有的分子标记,同时也是他们分化发育过程中关键的转录因子。它们功能水平的变化提示了Th17/Treg细胞平衡系统的漂移,这可以作为梅毒血清固定患者细胞免疫抑制和失衡的重要证据。研究表明梅毒血清固定患者外周血中Th17细胞比例、ROR-γt的表达水平显著低于正常对照组,而Treg细胞的比例和Foxp3的表达水平则显著高于正常对照组,这证明梅毒血清固定患者的外周血中存在Th17/Treg细胞平衡异常[26]。在这种状态下,一方面Th17细胞的减少可能导致机体对梅毒螺旋体的清除能力下降,一部分梅毒螺旋体能够逃过机体免疫监视系统的识别和攻击,从而未能被彻底清除,这些残留的梅毒螺旋体在体内持续存在,不断刺激机体的免疫系统产生抗体;另一方面,Treg细胞的过度活化和增殖加剧了免疫抑制状态,进而导致血清固定现象的形成。

4. 梅毒螺旋体与Th17/Treg的分化

梅毒螺旋体感染时,其特异性抗原与宿主的抗原提呈细胞,特别是与树突状细胞(Dendritic Cell, DC)的相互作用尤为重要,这可能是启动并决定后续T细胞分化方向的关键上游事件。DCs是连接固有免疫与适应性免疫的桥梁。当梅毒螺旋体感染机体时,其表面的多种抗原可被DCs识别。其中,梅毒螺旋体重复蛋白K (Treponema pallidum repeat K protein, TprK)作为梅毒螺旋体重要的可变膜蛋白,不仅参与免疫逃逸,也能与DCs相互作用,TprK可通过DCs表面受体如Toll样受体2 (Toll-like Receptor 2, TLR2)激活下游信号,诱导DCs分泌特定的细胞因子谱(如IL-6、TNF-α等) [27]。这些由抗原特异的DCs所营造的局部细胞因子微环境,直接决定了被其激活的初始CD4+ T细胞的分化命运。具体而言,被TprK等抗原刺激的DCs若高表达IL-6、IL-23并伴随TGF-β,将强烈驱动初始T细胞向促炎的Th17细胞分化;反之,若DCs主要产生TGF-β而缺乏IL-6等促炎信号,则倾向于诱导免疫耐受性的Treg细胞生成[28] [29]。因此,梅毒螺旋体抗原对DCs表型和功能的“编程”,可能是导致梅毒感染后个体间出现不同免疫极化(Th17优势或Treg优势),并最终影响感染结局(如血清固定)的深层分子机制之一。

5. Th17/Treg失衡与免疫病理损伤

除了参与血清固定的形成,Th17与Treg细胞的失衡还直接关系到梅毒的免疫病理损伤进程。Th17细胞通过分泌IL-17等促炎因子,在清除病原体的同时,也可能导致过度的炎症反应,进而引发组织损伤。例如在神经梅毒中,研究已明确证实Th17细胞介导的免疫应答过强与中枢神经系统炎症损伤密切相关[30] [31]。而Treg细胞的过度活化则可能抑制免疫应答的强度与效率,导致机体无法彻底清除梅毒螺旋体,使感染迁延不愈[32]。因此,在探讨Th17/Treg平衡与梅毒血清固定的关系时,应着眼于寻找一个“免疫平衡点”,而非单纯追求提高Th17或降低Treg的数量或活性。理想的免疫状态应既能有效清除病原体,又能避免过度炎症所致的组织损伤。未来研究应致力于阐明在梅毒感染的不同阶段(如早期清除期、潜伏期、晚期损伤期) Th17/Treg平衡的动态变化特征,并探索如何在治疗中通过免疫调节手段(如靶向细胞因子、调控转录因子或使用免疫调节剂)实现这一平衡的恢复,从而在控制感染的同时,最大限度减少免疫病理损伤,改善患者的预后。

6. 影响Th17细胞分化的因素

Th17细胞的分化是一个复杂且高度调控的过程,受到多种细胞因子、转录因子和环境因素的共同作用。除了熟知的IL-21、TGF-β、IL-23 [20] [33]等细胞因子能够促进Th17细胞分化外,转录因子RORα、RORγt也在其中发挥重要作用。RORγt作为Th17细胞的关键转录因子,其促进Th17细胞分化的能力较强[20] [34]。研究表明,IRF4能够激活RORγt及IL-1信号通路,并可通过结合IL-17基因启动子,有效调节Th17细胞的分化[35]。而IRF8与IRF4竞争其靶位点,IRF8和FOXP3都可以直接结合RORγt抑制其转录活性从而负向调控Th17的分化[28] [36]。STAT3是Th17细胞分化和发挥功能的关键因子,其酪氨酸705(Y705)的磷酸化激活能够促进Th17细胞的分化[37]。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1 (mTORC1)通过协同调节STAT3磷酸化、RORγt核易位以及HIF-1α的表达进而正向调节Th17细胞分化[38]。STAT3信号通路也可以通过调节细胞因子信号转导抑制蛋白3 (Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling, SOCS3)和蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(Src Homology-2domain-containing protein tyrosine Phosphatase, SHP)的表达,抑制JAK/STAT信号通路的活性,进而限制Th17细胞分化[39]。这种自我调节机制有助于防止Th17细胞过度活化,避免引发过度的炎症反应。也有许多研究阐明微生物可以影响Th17细胞的分化,例如节段丝状细菌(SFB)在自身免疫性炎症期间诱导小肠和其他组织中的Th17细胞分化。幽门螺杆菌的HP-NAP和伯氏疏螺旋体的NapA等微生物脂肽也能诱导Th17分化和IL-17的产生[40]-[42]。这些研究结果表明,Th17细胞的分化受到多种因素的精细调控,这些因素在维持免疫平衡和应对病原体感染中发挥着重要作用。

7. 影响Treg细胞分化的因素

调节性T细胞(Treg)是维持免疫稳态的关键细胞亚群,其分化过程受到转录因子、细胞因子、微生物群等多层次因素的精密调控。Foxp3是Treg分化的核心转录因子,其表达水平直接决定Treg细胞的分化。在细胞因子调控层面,多种细胞因子通过不同信号通路共同塑造Treg的分化命运。转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)是诱导初始CD4⁺ T细胞分化为诱导性Treg的关键因子,它通过激活SMAD信号通路促进转录因子Foxp3的表达[43]。IL-2则通过JAK-STAT5信号通路不仅增强Foxp3的表达,还能维持Treg的长期稳定性[44]。相反,促炎性细胞因子如IFN-γ会通过STAT1信号通路下调Foxp3的表达,从而抑制Treg功能[45]。这些细胞因子之间的动态平衡决定了Treg的分化状态和功能表现。在表观遗传层面,靶向组蛋白乙酰化酶p300尤为重要,因其通过乙酰化Foxp3蛋白(如Lys31位点)和Foxp3启动子区组蛋白H3可以稳定Treg功能[46]。此外,特定的激素水平也会影响Treg细胞的分化,比如胰岛素抵抗和瘦素水平升高抑制Treg扩增[47] [48]。微生物对Treg的调控近年来受到广泛关注。微生物衍生的丁酸盐和丙酸盐可以促进Treg细胞分化[49] [50]

8. 影响Th17/Treg细胞平衡的因素

Th17细胞和Treg细胞之间的平衡是维持免疫稳态的关键。多种细胞因子和转录因子通过复杂的调控网络影响这一平衡。在自身免疫中,Th17细胞和Treg细胞之间的相互关系不仅体现在功能上的拮抗,还体现在他们的分化过程中的相互调节[51]。Th17细胞和外周来源的Treg细胞(pTreg)具有共同的前体细胞,即幼稚CD4+ T细胞(naïve CD4 T细胞) [52]。Th17细胞分化与Treg细胞的分化密切相关,两者之间存在动态平衡。这一过程与Foxp3的下调和RORγt的上调密切相关。研究表明,IL-6能够通过上调RORγt和抑制Foxp3的表达,改变由TGF-β启动的转录程序,从而促进Th17细胞的分化。相反,在缺乏IL-6的情况下,TGF-β通过诱导转录因子Foxp3的表达和抑制RORγt的表达,促使幼稚CD4⁺ T细胞向Treg细胞分化[28]。除了细胞因子,其他多种因素也会影响Th17/Treg细胞的平衡,例如STAT3在维持Th17/Treg细胞平衡中发挥着重要作用。它不仅能够促进Th17细胞分化,还可以通过下调TGF-β诱导的Foxp3表达进而抑制Treg细胞分化[29] [53] [54]。而IL-6在这一过程中也起到重要的促进作用[55]。最新研究还表明,TGF-β的分泌水平显著影响Treg细胞和Th17细胞的分化发育方向。低浓度的TGF-β和IL-6协同作用,通过诱导RORγt使初始CD4+ T细胞向Th17细胞分化;而高浓度的TGF-β则通过上调Foxp3的表达,促进细胞向Treg细胞分化,进而导致Th17细胞的反馈性减少,进一步加剧Th17/Treg细胞的失衡[14] [56]。除此之外,IL-2不仅可以通过诱导信号转导和转录激活因子5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5, STAT5)磷酸化抑制Th17细胞分化的同时还可以促进Treg细胞的发育[44] [57]。增加NaCl浓度可以诱导T细胞的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Serum and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1, SGK1)的表达,进而促进IL-23R表达,增强Th17细胞的分化,同时高盐暴露可损害Treg的代谢和抑制功能[58] [59]。缺氧诱导因子HIF-1a可以激活RORγt转录,并与RORγt和p300协同激活IL-17A基因促进TH17发育过程,也可通过促进Foxp3蛋白的泛素化降解来抑制Treg发育[60]

9. 与Th17细胞和Treg细胞相关的治疗策略

关于梅毒的治疗,青霉素依然是毋庸置疑的一线选择。然而,对于部分出现血清固定或疑似免疫应答不足的患者,在确保规范抗生素治疗的前提下,探索能够正向调节宿主抗螺旋体免疫的辅助策略,具有重要的临床意义。其核心目标并非直接抑制或清除免疫细胞,而是旨在协同抗生素,帮助恢复有效的免疫清除能力,同时尽可能避免破坏整体免疫稳态。在梅毒感染中,适当的Th17应答可能与有效清除病原体相关。因此,在抗生素治疗的同时,采用安全的免疫增强手段适度促进Th17分化或功能,可能是一种辅助方向。一种较为安全的思路是通过激活天然免疫受体,间接营造有利于Th17分化的细胞因子环境。例如,TLR2已被证实能够在体外和动物模型中促进初始T细胞向Th17分化[61]。另一个是针对STAT3通路的安全激活策略,STAT3是Th17细胞分化的关键转录因子。不同于肿瘤治疗中直接使用激酶抑制剂,在感染免疫辅助治疗中,考虑的是如何安全地支持STAT3的正常功能。某些营养素和代谢物可影响STAT3通路。例如,维生素C (抗坏血酸)作为多种α-酮戊二酸依赖性双加氧酶的辅助因子,能够调节表观遗传状态和细胞信号[62]。最后应用免疫增强剂,例如匹多莫德,它是一种合成的二肽分子,具有免疫刺激作用[63]。对于某些免疫应答迟缓的梅毒血清固定患者,此类药物也许可以作为潜在的免疫辅助治疗探索方向。然而,尽管这些理论推断具有一定的合理性,但是目前还缺乏充分的实验数据和临床研究来支持这一假设。因此,我们需要进一步的科学研究来验证它们在调节Th17和Treg细胞平衡中的具体作用,以及它们在梅毒治疗中的潜在应用价值。这将为开发新的免疫治疗策略提供重要的理论和实验基础。

10. 结论与展望

随着梅毒患者的增多,梅毒血清固定现象在临床上也愈发常见,这已成为梅毒治疗和管理中的一个重要问题。然而,目前关于梅毒血清固定的发生机制仍不明确,许多研究表明,这一现象可能是多种因素共同作用的结果,其免疫学变化也十分复杂。目前,对梅毒血清固定发病机制的研究主要集中于免疫学方面。越来越多的证据表明,血清固定患者普遍存在细胞免疫失衡和免疫抑制现象。在这一过程中,Th17细胞和Treg细胞扮演着重要角色。然而,现有研究发现,梅毒血清固定患者的Th17细胞水平显著下降,而Treg细胞水平增高,这表明集体的免疫功能受到了抑制,这种抑制作用可能导致免疫应答的整体失衡,进而影响机体对病原体的清除能力。总的来说,尽管Th17细胞和Treg细胞在梅毒血清固定中的确切作用机制尚未完全阐明,但是它们可能通过影响免疫应答的平衡和调节炎症反应来参与梅毒血清固定的发病过程。因此,进一步深入研究Th17细胞和Treg细胞在梅毒血清固定机制中的作用,不仅有助于更好地理解这一现象的免疫学基础,还可能为开发梅毒的新型治疗策略和预防措施提供重要的理论依据。例如,未来的研究可以探索通过调节Th17细胞和Treg细胞活性或其分泌的细胞因子来恢复免疫平衡,从而改善梅毒血清固定患者的治疗效果。

NOTES

*共一作者。

#通讯作者。

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