外泌体治疗皮肤光老化的机制与研究进展
Mechanisms and Research Progress of Exosomes in the Treatment of Skin Photoaging
DOI: 10.12677/md.2026.162028, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 和卓怡:昆明医科大学药学院,云南 昆明
关键词: 紫外线皮肤光老化外泌体Ultraviolet Radiation Skin Photoaging Exosomes
摘要: 皮肤是人体抵御外界刺激的首要生理屏障,易受各类环境因素的影响而发生老化,其中紫外线辐射是诱发皮肤光老化的关键核心因素。皮肤光老化是紫外线致皮肤慢性退行性损伤,较自然老化更显著且累及更深,其核心发病机制包括氧化应激失衡、慢性炎症反应持续激活、细胞衰老进程加速以及细胞外基质降解异常,该病变不仅损害皮肤健康与外观形态,还可能显著增加皮肤癌的发病风险。外泌体作为细胞分泌的纳米级膜性囊泡,可携带蛋白质、核酸、脂质等多种生物活性成分,参与细胞间信号通讯并精准调控靶细胞功能。近年来外泌体已成为皮肤光老化治疗与干预领域的研究热点。本文结合近年来国内外相关研究进展,阐述皮肤光老化发病机制、外泌体生物学特性及其逆转皮肤光老化的分子机制,总结外泌体相关基础与临床研究进展,探讨其挑战与前景,为外泌体在皮肤光老化治疗中的进一步应用提供理论与实践参考。
Abstract: The skin serves as the primary physiological barrier of the human body against external stimuli and is susceptible to aging under the influence of various environmental factors, among which ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the key factor inducing skin photoaging. Skin photoaging refers to chronic degenerative skin damage caused by UV radiation, which is more prominent and involves deeper skin layers compared with natural aging. Its core pathogenesis includes oxidative stress imbalance, persistent activation of chronic inflammatory responses, accelerated cellular senescence, and abnormal degradation of the extracellular matrix. This pathological change not only impairs skin health and morphological appearance but also may significantly increase the risk of skin cancer. As nanoscale membranous vesicles secreted by cells, exosomes can carry a variety of bioactive components such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, participate in intercellular signal communication and precisely regulate the functions of target cells. In recent years, exosomes have become a research hotspot in the field of treatment and intervention for skin photoaging. Based on the relevant research progress at home and abroad in recent years, this paper elaborates on the pathogenesis of skin photoaging, the biological characteristics of exosomes and their molecular mechanisms in reversing skin photoaging, summarizes the progress of basic and clinical research related to exosomes, and discusses the challenges and prospects of exosome application, aiming to provide theoretical and practical references for the further application of exosomes in the treatment of skin photoaging.
文章引用:和卓怡. 外泌体治疗皮肤光老化的机制与研究进展[J]. 医学诊断, 2026, 16(2): 206-213. https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2026.162028

1. 前言

皮肤作为人体抵御外界刺激的第一道防线,易受紫外线(Ultraviolet, UV)辐射、空气污染物、寒冷及风力等外界刺激的影响,进而发生皮肤损伤并诱导老化进程,其中UV辐射是诱发皮肤光老化的首要核心因素[1]。太阳照射到地球表面的UV辐射包括UVA (320~400 nm)、UVB (280~320 nm)和UVC (100~280 nm),UVC辐射几乎完全被臭氧层吸收,仅有UVA和UVB射线能到达地球,因此UVA和UVB是造成皮肤光老化的主要外部原因[2]。光老化所引发的显著病理生理变化包括:毛细血管扩张、色素分布不均、皮肤粗糙度增加、深层皱纹形成、皮肤干燥以及癌前病变的发生[3]。已有研究证实,紫外线暴露可显著上调真皮层中基质金属蛋白酶(Matrix Metalloproteinases, MMPs)的表达水平,进而介导真皮胶原的降解与流失[4]。此外,紫外线还可通过诱导活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS)大量生成,进而介导慢性炎症反应的激活,最终加速皮肤老化的病理进展[5]。基于此,保护人类皮肤免受紫外线的UV有害影响需求不断增加,光老化将在未来受到越来越多的关注。紫外线照射的有害影响主要包括皮肤副作用,如晒伤、光性皮肤病、色素沉着过度、皮肤光老化以及癌前病变和癌症。目前常见的皮肤光老化治疗有除皱和组织填充等手术方法[6],但他们都有价格昂贵、安全性低等缺点,因此找到合适安全的治疗光老化新方法至关重要。

干细胞(Stem Cells, SCs)是一类在特定条件下能分化成多种功能细胞,具有一定自我更新能力及促进组织修复和再生的多能细胞[7],其在抗衰领域的研究受到越来越多的关注。有研究表明,虽然植入体内的干细胞未被检测到在组织中留存,但其仍能显著延缓衰老进程,暗示旁分泌机制可能是其发挥抗衰老作用的关键途径[8]。外泌体(Exosomes, EXOs)是纳米级的细胞外囊泡,充当细胞间的通讯介质,含有蛋白质、脂质和核酸等生物活性成分。外泌体可以通过细胞间的物质转运和信息传递,从而发挥影响细胞的功能,同时还会保留亲本细胞的生物学特性[9]。外泌体凭借其独特的生物学特性,在皮肤光老化的延缓与治疗中展现出显著效果。目前已有大量研究证实,干细胞来源的外泌体在年龄相关性疾病干预、组织再生、创面愈合及皮肤疾病治疗等方面均发挥着重要作用[10]。与干细胞疗法相比,外泌体作为无细胞治疗策略,不仅致瘤风险更低、免疫原性更弱,还能有效规避细胞异常增殖与分化引发的潜在问题[11]

2. 皮肤光老化的发病机制

皮肤真皮层细胞外基质(Extracellular Matrix, ECM)主要由I型、III型胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白、蛋白聚糖及纤连蛋白构成,其中胶原纤维是维持皮肤结构完整性与机械强度的核心成分。皮肤光老化的典型特征之一是真皮结缔组织发生病理性改变,该组织在数量与结构上的异常变化,被认为是皮肤皱纹形成的关键决定因素。在光老化皮肤组织中,胶原纤维呈现明显的结构紊乱状态,且伴有含弹性蛋白物质的异常积聚[12]。I型与III型胶原蛋白的前体物质含量及交联程度均呈下降趋势,而弹性蛋白的含量则显著升高[13] [14]。正常生理状态下,MMPs作为细胞调控网络的重要组成部分,其活性受内源性组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂(Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases, TIMPs)的精准调控;二者的激活与抑制平衡一旦被打破,便会引发异常的蛋白水解反应[15]。UVA与UVB均可诱导MMPs活化,但分子机制因辐射类型不同而有差异,UVA辐射可诱导ROS生成,进而引发脂质过氧化反应并造成DNA链断裂[16];而UVB辐射在暴露后数分钟内即可快速上调MMPs活性并诱导DNA损伤[17]。紫外线辐射还可激活皮肤炎症信号通路,促使ROS大量生成,同时诱导促炎细胞因子IL-1α和IL-1β的表达分泌,进而加重ROS介导的炎症损伤;且IL-1α和IL-1β可通过上调MMPs表达,加速胶原蛋白与弹性蛋白的降解,参与皮肤光老化的调控[6]。IL-6等细胞因子可通过上调MMPs的表达,加速胶原蛋白与弹性蛋白的降解;同时,IL-6还能诱导衰老细胞形成,此类受损细胞丧失分裂能力,可进一步推动皮肤衰老进程[18]

3. 外泌体治疗皮肤光老化的作用机制

20世纪80年代,加拿大科研团队在探究网织红细胞向成熟红细胞分化的过程中,首次发现了一类纳米级的囊泡状结构,并将其命名为外泌体[19]。外泌体作为细胞间的通讯介质,是一类直径为40~100 nm的细胞外囊泡,在细胞内含量丰富,含有蛋白质、脂质和核酸等生物活性成分。外泌体可通过细胞间的物质转运和信息传递,从而发挥影响细胞的功能,同时还会保留亲本细胞的生物学特性[10]。几乎所有人体细胞均可分泌外泌体,这类囊泡广泛存在于各类体液中,携载蛋白质、mRNA、miRNA及脂质等多种生物活性物质,由此构成新型细胞间信息传递系统,参与细胞通讯、迁移、血管生成及肿瘤细胞增殖等生理病理过程[20]。外泌体可通过介导细胞间通讯调控多种病理生理过程[21],作为一种无细胞干预治疗,与干细胞治疗法相比较,具有较低的致瘤性,并且降低了免疫原性的风险,降低了细胞不受控制的增值和分化的可能性。目前大量研究已经证明干细胞来源的外泌体(Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes, SC-Exos)在年龄相关疾病、组织再生、伤口愈合和治疗皮肤疾病中的作用[22]

3.1. 促进皮肤细胞增殖与活化,修复细胞功能损伤

来源于健康组织的外泌体,可介导机体实现无风险的组织再生过程[22]。其中所含的生物活性脂质、核酸、信使核糖核酸(Messenger Ribonucleic Acid, mRNA)及微小核糖核酸(microRNA, miRNA)可在受体细胞中触发再生性生物学效应;外泌体更能在衰老或功能异常的细胞中诱导并激活其生物学功能,抑制衰老表型的获得性表达[23]。Zhou等通过转录组测序发现,随年龄增加,表皮干细胞中水通道蛋白5 (Recombinant Aquaporin 5, AQP5)表达显著下调;该蛋白可促进人永生化角质形成细胞(Human Immortalized Keratinocyte Cells, HaCaT)的增殖与去分化,且对细胞凋亡无明显影响[24]。Kim等研究证实,诱导间充质干细胞来源外泌体(Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes, iMSCs-Exo)可通过激活ERK1/2信号通路,显著促进HaCaT细胞与人真皮成纤维细胞(Human Dermal Fibroblasts, HDFs)的增殖,同时明确了iMSCs-Exo来源外泌体的潜在应用价值[25]

3.2. 抑制慢性炎症进程,有效调节炎症微环境的稳态平衡

已有研究证实,MMPs的表达水平与生物活性在内源性、外源性皮肤老化进程中均呈上调趋势;即使在非紫MMPs外线暴露的皮肤区域,老年人群的MMPs含量也显著高于年轻人群[26]。外泌体可在衰老或功能异常的细胞中诱导并激活其生物学功能,抑制衰老表型的获得性表达,同时下调的表达水平[23]。外泌体能够通过降低TLR4的表达水平,阻断TLR4/NF-κB炎症信号级联反应的激活[27],亦可下调干扰素-γ (IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)及白介素-1β (IL-1β)等促炎细胞因子的表达水平,从而减轻局部炎症反应[28];同时可上调转化生长因子-β1 (TGF-β1)与白介素-10 (IL-10)等抗炎细胞因子的表达[29]。例如:Chen等人研究发现,在UV诱导的大鼠皮肤光老化模型中,外泌体干预可显著下调IL-1β等炎症因子的表达水平,有效减轻皮肤组织的炎症细胞浸润程度,并缓解UV照射所致的皮肤组织病理性损伤[30]

3.3. 清除过量ROS,降低机体的氧化应激水平

ROS是分子氧经部分还原生成的活性分子,为细胞代谢的副产物,因其反应活性高,易对细胞产生毒性,造成核酸、蛋白质、脂质等生物大分子的损伤[31]。外泌体可通过携带与抗氧化作用相关的生物活性物质,有效抑制UV照射所诱导的氧化应激反应,恢复皮肤细胞内氧化与抗氧化系统的动态平衡,进而减轻皮肤光老化损伤。已有研究证实,干细胞来源的外泌体中富含多种抗氧化相关功能成分,其中包括超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione Peroxidase, GPx)等抗氧化酶类,以及miR-181c、miR-146a等具有抗氧化调控功能的微小RNA (miRNA) [32];Zhang等研究发现,脂肪来源间充质干细胞来源的细胞外囊泡(Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles, ADMSC-EVs)与人脐带间充质干细胞来源的细胞外囊泡(Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles, HUMSC-EVs),可通过作用于特定信号通路,降低UVB诱导的体内外ROS及DNA损伤水平,减轻UVB引发的炎症反应,发挥抗皮肤光老化作用[33]。清除过量ROS、恢复皮肤细胞氧化–抗氧化平衡,是外泌体缓解UV诱导皮肤光老化的重要机制之一[34]

3.4. 调节细胞外基质的合成与降解,恢复皮肤弹性

ECM的降解是皮肤光老化的核心特征之一,紫外线辐射可通过诱导MMPs的表达与分泌造成ECM损伤,而MMPs是介导胶原蛋白与弹性蛋白降解的关键酶类[35]。恢复ECM合成与降解的动态平衡,是外泌体修复UV诱导皮肤光老化、改善皮肤皱纹和松弛的关键机制之一,外泌体可促进成纤维细胞增殖并增强胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白的合成,同时抑制MMPs、上调TIMPs的表达,通过重建细胞外基质稳态,修复皮肤结构损伤,改善皮肤光老化表现[36]。研究表明,脂肪组织来源干细胞外泌体(Adipose-derived Stem Cell-derived Exosomes, ADSC-Exos)在延缓皮肤光老化中的作用已被广泛证实,该类外泌体可通过下调ROS水平,有效抑制UVB诱导的细胞DNA损伤;同时能显著抑制MMP-1、MMP-3及胶原蛋白-3 (COL-3)的异常过表达,进而维持ECM的结构完整性[37]。此外,外泌体长链非编码RNA可调控相关功能基因的表达,参与细胞外基质代谢稳态的调节,减轻紫外线照射诱导的细胞外基质组分降解,进而进一步提升皮肤的固有修复能力[30]

4. 不同干细胞来源外泌体对皮肤光老化治疗效果及分子机制的影响

不同来源干细胞来源的外泌体,由于其亲本细胞的生物学特性不同,其携带的生物活性物质、调控的信号通路及作用靶点均存在差异,进而导致其生物学效应与治疗效果显著不同。本文以脂肪干细胞外泌体、脐带间充质干细胞外泌体及诱导多能干细胞外泌体(Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived exosomes, iPSC-Exos)为例,对比其信号通路与活性成分的差异,并据此分析三者在皮肤光老化治疗中的作用区别(如表1)。

Table 1. Differences in therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of exosomes derived from different tem cells in skin photoaging

1. 不同干细胞来源外泌体在皮肤光老化中的治疗作用与分子机制差异

不同干细胞 来源外泌体

脂肪干细胞外泌体

(ADSC-Exos)

脐带间充质干细胞外泌体

(UMSC-Exos)

诱导多能干细胞外泌体

(iPSC-Exos)

核心优势

1) 自体来源,免疫原性极低,无排斥风险

2) 脂肪组织易获取、 可微创取材,临床转化便捷

3) 抗光老化效果明确: 单次注射可使光老化小鼠表皮厚度减少

1) 获取无创,无伦理争议, 来源广泛(废弃脐带)

2) 增殖/修复能力强: 成纤维细胞迁移速度提升80%

3) 抗衰分子谱丰富, 兼具抗炎、抗氧化、 促胶原三重作用

1) 外泌体产量极高, 是MSC的16倍,适合规模化生产

2) 细胞“年轻化”特征显著, 抗光老化活性最强

3) 清除ROS、抑制MMPs 能力突出,逆转早衰效果显著

主要劣势

1) 取材有创(吸脂), 存在感染/疼痛风险

2) 个体脂肪质量差异大, 外泌体批次稳定性一般

3) 长期大规模生产成本较高

1) 异体来源,虽低免疫原但 仍需严格质控

2) 脐带组织获取依赖产科渠道,供应受限

3) 体外扩增能力弱于iPSC,大规模生产难度大

1) 伦理与安全风险: 残留未分化细胞可能致畸胎瘤

2) 制备工艺复杂, 诱导/质控成本极高

3) 临床研究少, 长期安全性数据不足

核心信号通路

1) PINK1/Parkin:介导线粒体自噬,修复UVB损伤

2) GSK3β自噬通路:miR-1246抑制GSK3β,激活自噬

3) Wnt/β-catenin:促成纤维 细胞增殖、胶原合成

4) NRF2-KEAP1:激活抗氧化系统,清除ROS

1) GATA2/PZP/GRP75: 缓解线粒体钙超载与功能障碍

2) TGF-β1/Smad:上调Ⅰ/Ⅲ型 胶原,抑制MMPs

3) PI3K/Akt:促细胞存活、 迁移,减少凋亡

4) TIMP1/Notch1:抑制Notch1,下调p16/p21/p53

1) ERK1/2:强促增殖, 修复UVB致成纤维细胞损伤

2) NRF2-KEAP1:PRDX 介导,强效清除ROS

3) Wnt/β-catenin:促ECM 重建,提升皮肤弹性

4) 抑制MAPK/AP-1、 NF-κB:减少炎症与胶原降解

光老化核心靶点

1) 抑制MMP-1/2/3, 提升Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原

2) 降低SA-β-gal、p53/p21, 减少衰老细胞

3) 激活线粒体自噬, 修复mtDNA损伤

1) 下调ROS、γ-H2AX, 减轻DNA损伤

2) 上调PZP,改善线粒体功能

3) 抑制IL-6/TNF-α,缓解慢性炎症

1) 强效清除ROS,提升PRDX1/2表达

2) 抑制MMP-1/3,促进胶原 合成

3) 逆转UVB诱导的细胞早衰表型

5. 外泌体的应用局限与挑战

近年来,外泌体在逆转皮肤光老化中的治疗应用研究取得显著进展,其研究范畴已从基础细胞实验、动物实验逐步向临床应用延伸,大量研究证实了外泌体治疗的有效性与安全性。外泌体已逐步应用于皮肤光老化的临床治疗,可有效改善皱纹、色素沉着、皮肤松弛等问题。尽管外泌体在皮肤光老化逆转领域的治疗研究已取得显著进展,但其临床规模化推广与广泛应用仍受诸多关键问题制约,核心挑战主要体现在以下三个方面:一是外泌体的产量与纯度问题,目前外泌体的分离纯化工艺仍存在不足,产量较低、成本较高,其纯化精度难以满足大规模临床转化的应用要求[38],外泌体的质量控制标准尚未形成统一规范,不同来源及不同分离纯化方法所制备的外泌体,在生物活性、纯度等关键指标上存在显著差异。由于缺乏统一的质量评价与控制体系,其临床应用的稳定性与安全性难以得到有效保障[39];二是外泌体的递送效率仍需提升,尽管微针导入等技术手段可有效提高外泌体的皮肤透皮吸收效率,但如何进一步增强其靶向递送能力、降低脱靶效应,仍需深入探索[40];三是当前外泌体稳定性研究仍面临突出难题,作为纳米级脂质双层囊泡,其结构与生物活性易受外界条件及自身特性影响,冷冻、反复冻融、极端pH等会破坏囊泡结构、导致活性降解,即便−80℃冷藏也难以避免长期储存中的活性与纯度流失[41]

目前全球外泌体临床试验已进入冲刺上市阶段,研究领域覆盖创面修复、神经退行性疾病、肿瘤、肺部疾病、肾病等多领域[42]。其中,中国以间充质干细胞外泌体为主的临床研究数量居全球前列,在再生修复与炎症调控方向已产出初步有效性数据,整体呈现安全性良好、疗效初步验证、向商业化快速推进的态势[43]。监管层面,全球框架碎片化、分类界定模糊(药品/器械/化妆品)、缺乏统一质控与表征标准、批次异质性及规模化生产难题构成核心障碍;中国2025年6月将外泌体纳入先进治疗药品(ATMP)体系,FDA、EMA等正逐步完善监管路径,但标准化与合规化仍为主要瓶颈[44]

6. 总结与展望

外泌体作为细胞间通讯的关键介质,可调控多种细胞生理过程,近年来已成为多种疾病治疗领域极具潜力的新型策略。本文综述外泌体在皮肤光老化的作用机制及研究进展中的研究,目前外泌体在皮肤损伤修复领域的研究多处于临床前阶段,其在皮肤治疗学中的应用潜力与临床价值仍有待进一步深入探究与验证。未来,随着再生医学与纳米技术的不断迭代与深入发展,外泌体介导的皮肤光老化逆转治疗研究领域或将迎来突破性进展。随着临床研究的持续深入,外泌体治疗的应用范畴将不断拓展,其不仅可用于皮肤光老化的治疗,还将逐步延伸至皮肤损伤修复、瘢痕修复等领域,为皮肤科疾病的临床干预提供全新的思路与治疗策略[45]。预期在不久的将来,外泌体有望成为皮肤光老化治疗的理想制剂,为临床提供更安全、高效的抗光老化方案。

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