硒在口腔疾病中的作用机制及治疗策略研究 进展

Research Progress on the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Selenium in Oral Diseases

摘要: 口腔疾病的发生发展与慢性炎症、氧化应激失衡及口腔微生态紊乱密切相关。硒作为必需微量元素，通过参与多种硒蛋白的构成，在维持氧化还原稳态及调控免疫反应中发挥重要作用。研究显示，硒的营养状态与牙周病、口腔癌及部分口腔黏膜疾病存在关联。在机制层面，硒通过调节氧化应激与炎症反应，参与口腔微环境稳态的维持，并在抑制病原菌、促进组织修复及调控骨代谢过程中发挥作用。近年来，硒纳米颗粒及局部递送系统等新型策略逐渐应用于口腔疾病干预，但目前证据仍主要来源于体外及动物研究，临床有效性与安全性尚需进一步验证。本文综述硒与口腔疾病的相关研究进展，以期为其临床应用提供参考。

Abstract: Oral diseases are closely related to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress imbalance, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. Selenium, an essential trace element, plays a crucial role in maintaining redox balance and regulating immune responses by integrating into various selenoproteins. Recent evidence suggests that selenium levels are associated with periodontal disease, oral cancer, and certain oral mucosal diseases. Mechanistically, selenium helps regulate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, thereby participating in maintaining the homeostasis of the oral microenvironment. It also shows potential in inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, promoting tissue repair, and regulating bone metabolism. In recent years, the application of selenium-based nanomaterials and local drug delivery systems in the management of oral diseases has attracted increasing attention. However, the current evidence mainly comes from in vitro and animal studies, and further clinical validation is needed. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of selenium in oral diseases and provides insights into its future clinical applications.