《诗经》中“之”字的用法研究

A Study on the Usages of the Character “Zhi” in The Book of Songs

摘要: 全文主要分为三个部分。首先，“之”字在先秦文献中频繁使用且用法多样，尤以《诗经》最为集中。对近年来已有对于《诗经》中“之”的用法研究进行整理，可以发现其系统并不完善且流于表面。然后因此，本文立足于囊括“之”在文中的基础用法与特殊用法进行详细的例证分析，“之”共有实词和虚词两类用法，其中实词又分为代词和动词，虚词分为助词和介词。接着对于其中所包含的特殊用法详细总结，如在《诗经》中屡次出现的固定搭配句式“之子于归”及“一之日”等，从而了解先秦时期古汉语中文言词语的词类概况；最后，进一步延伸至后代古诗文，文中以汉代司马相如《上林赋》及宋代苏轼《赤壁赋》为例反映出各朝代“之”的基础用法的传承性趋势，并详细分析现代汉语中“之”的用法，与《诗经》中用法进行比较，可以看出“之”的基础用法具有稳定性，同时不断变化创新。可见先秦文献对于文字学研究的重要奠基作用，以及在现代汉语中具有的独特价值。

Abstract: This paper is primarily divided into three parts. Firstly, the character “Zhi” was frequently used with diverse grammatical functions in pre-Qin documents, with its most concentrated appearances found in The Book of Songs. A review of recent studies on the usages of “Zhi” in The Book of Songs reveals that the existing classification systems are not comprehensive and remain superficial. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a detailed analysis of both the basic and special usages of “Zhi” as found in the text. The character “Zhi” functions as both a notional word and a function word. As a notional word, it serves as a pronoun or a verb; as a function word, it acts as an auxiliary word or a preposition. Subsequently, the paper summarizes the special usages in detail, such as the recurring fixed collocations in The Book of Songs like “Zhi Zi Yu Gui (之子于归)” and “Yi Zhi Ri (一之日)”, thereby providing insights into the lexical categories of classical Chinese words during the pre-Qin period. Finally, the study extends to classical poems and essays of later dynasties, citing examples like Sima Xiangru’s “Shanglin Fu” from the Han Dynasty and Su Shi's “Ode to the Red Cliff” from the Song Dynasty. These examples reflect the diachronic continuity of the basic usages of “Zhi” across different dynasties. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the usages of “Zhi” in Modern Chinese, compared with those in The Book of Songs, demonstrates the stability of its fundamental functions alongside continuous evolution and innovation. This illustrates the significant foundational role of pre-Qin documents in the study of philology and the unique value of “Zhi” in Modern Chinese.