老龄化进程中养老保障制度代际公平问题的理论审视

A Theoretical Examination of Intergenerational Equity in Pension Security Systems amidst Population Ageing

摘要: 在人口老龄化持续加深的背景下，养老保障制度面临筹资基础收缩与保障需求扩张并存的结构性压力，代际公平问题日益成为影响制度合法性与可持续性的关键变量。围绕代际负担分配、制度安排差异及风险跨期转移等现实表征，从理论层面审视养老保障制度代际公平的内涵基础与生成机理，认为应以权责对应、风险共担与预期稳定为核心逻辑，通过优化制度规则、完善结构组合与强化前瞻调适，推动形成代际公平导向的养老保障运行格局，以实现公平性与可持续性的协同提升。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of an increasingly ageing population, pension security systems face structural pressures stemming from both a shrinking funding base and expanding protection demands. Intergenerational equity has thus become a critical variable influencing the legitimacy and sustainability of such systems. Focusing on practical manifestations such as intergenerational burden distribution, variations in institutional arrangements, and intertemporal risk transfer, this study examines the theoretical underpinnings and generative mechanisms of intergenerational equity within pension security systems. It argues that a framework centred on the core principles of matching rights with responsibilities, shared risk-bearing, and stable expectations should be adopted. By optimising institutional rules, refining structural combinations, and strengthening forward-looking adjustments, this approach aims to foster an intergenerationally equitable operational paradigm for pension security, thereby achieving synergistic improvements in both fairness and sustainability.