金属类免疫佐剂在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

Research Advances of Metal-Based Immune Adjuvants in Tumor Immunotherapy

摘要: 肿瘤免疫治疗是通过激活、增强或调节机体自身免疫系统功能，使免疫细胞能够更有效地识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞的治疗方法。目前免疫治疗的核心在于克服肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸机制，恢复或增强机体固有的抗肿瘤免疫应答能力从而达到控制肿瘤生长、扩散及复发。金属类免疫佐剂是一类以金属元素或其化合物为核心功能单元的免疫佐剂，通过激活先天免疫通路、延长抗原存留时间、调节免疫细胞功能从而增强机体对特定抗原的免疫应答的一类佐剂，是近年来肿瘤免疫学与材料学交叉领域的研究热点。本文结合近年来国内外相关研究文献，按铝、锰、铁、铜、钙及其他金属元素分类，系统梳理各类金属类免疫佐剂的肿瘤治疗机制、研究进展、临床实验现状，并深入探讨其临床应用潜力与未来发展前景，为该领域的后续基础研究与临床转化提供重要的参考依据。

Abstract: Tumor immunotherapy represents a therapeutic strategy that enables immune cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells more effectively by activating, enhancing, or modulating the body’s own immune system. The core objective of this approach is to overcome the immune evasion mechanisms employed by tumor cells, thereby restoring or augmenting the innate anti-tumor immune response to control tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Metal-based immune adjuvants, a class of adjuvants centered on metal elements or their compounds as functional units, have emerged as a research hotspot at the intersection of tumor immunology and materials science in recent years. These adjuvants function by activating innate immune pathways, prolonging antigen retention, and modulating immune cell functions to enhance the body’s immune response against specific antigens. This review systematically summarizes the therapeutic mechanisms, research progress, and current clinical trial status of various metal-based immune adjuvants, categorized by aluminum, manganese, iron, copper, calcium, and other metal elements, based on recent domestic and international literature. Furthermore, it explores their clinical application potential and future development prospects, serving as a key reference for subsequent fundamental research and clinical translation in this field.