单纯性骨囊肿研究进展

Advances in the Study of Simple Bone Cysts

摘要: 单纯性骨囊肿(SBC)是一种良性的溶骨性病变。通常出现在四肢长骨的干骺端，尤其是肱骨近端和股骨近端。85%的SBC几乎全部发生在儿童和青少年中。其发病机制尚不明确，目前静脉引流受阻假说是最受青睐的假说。疼痛是其最主要的症状，但大多数患者无任何临床症状。普通X线平片是SBC的首选诊断方法。病理检查SBC确诊的金标准。目前关于SBC的治疗方式多样，疗效参差不齐。治疗时需要权衡评估不同治疗方式优缺点以及患者实际情况，个体化治疗。治疗后存在囊肿复发、病理性骨折、注射材料(如类固醇激素、骨髓)的潜在栓塞、感染以及生长障碍等并发症。本文就SBC的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、影像学表现、鉴别诊断、治疗方法、并发症及预后进行综述。

Abstract: Simple bone cyst (SBC) is a benign osteolytic lesion. It typically occurs in the metaphysis of long bones in the extremities, particularly the proximal humerus and proximal femur. Approximately 85% of SBCs are found almost exclusively in children and adolescents. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, with the venous obstruction hypothesis currently being the most favored. Pain is the primary symptom, although most patients are asymptomatic. Plain radiography is the first-choice diagnostic method for SBC. Pathological examination is the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis. Currently, various treatment modalities exist for SBC, with inconsistent efficacy. Treatment requires weighing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches alongside the patient’s specific situation to achieve individualized therapy. Post-treatment complications include cyst recurrence, pathological fractures, potential embolism from injected materials (such as corticosteroids or bone marrow), infection, and growth disturbances. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, differential diagnosis, treatment methods, complications, and prognosis of SBC.