数字时代刑事证据制度的开放化重构与实践路径

Open Restructuring and Practice Path of the Criminal Evidence System in the Digital Era

摘要: 数字时代的刑事证据制度面临着多重挑战与机遇，数字技术的深度渗透正重塑刑事诉讼的基本样态，刑事证据制度作为认定案件和犯罪事实的核心规范体系，面临着证据形态多元化、收集场景跨域化、审查判断智能化等多重变革挑战。传统的以口供、逻辑等实体证据为核心的证据制度，在当今数字化时代已经难以适配多种证明对象的证明需求。数字时代刑事证据制度的转型应遵循“开放化”核心逻辑，通过多维度的变革实现体系优化：在证据收集层面，现实取证到现实与网络取证相结合的方式，构建多元主体协同、海量证据抽样、跨境证据衔接的立体架构；在证明效果上，从以口供为中心到以数据为指引的多元证明方式，实现传统证据与电子数据、线下证据与线上证据、过程证据与结果证据的共同发力；在事实认定上，从逻辑证成的单向推演转向智能校验的人机交互，保障内心确信与机器赋能、逻辑涵摄与数据整合、认知决策与认知提示的有机融合。可以通过完善证据种类体系、细化电子数据审查规则、健全非法证据排除机制、优化证明标准适用、明确专门知识人员地位等具体路径，推动刑事证据制度完成数字化转型，为法治现代化提供制度支撑。

Abstract: The criminal evidence system in the digital age is confronted with multiple challenges and opportunities. The in-depth penetration of digital technology is reshaping the basic pattern of criminal procedure. As a core normative system for determining cases and criminal facts, the criminal evidence system faces various transformative challenges, including the diversification of evidence forms, cross-domain collection scenarios, and intelligent review and judgment. The traditional evidence system centered on substantive evidence such as confessions and logical reasoning can hardly meet the probative demands of diverse objects of proof in the current digital era. The transformation of the criminal evidence system in the digital age should follow the core logic of “openness” and achieve systematic optimization through multi-dimensional reforms: at the evidence collection stage, the mode shall shift from on-site evidence collection to the combination of on-site and online evidence collection, so as to construct a three-dimensional framework featuring multi-stakeholder coordination, sampling of massive evidence, and convergence of cross-border evidence; in terms of probative effect, the focus shall move from confession-oriented to data-guided diversified proof methods, enabling the joint function of traditional evidence and electronic data, offline evidence and online evidence, as well as process evidence and result evidence; in fact-finding, the one-way deduction of logical justification shall be transformed into human-machine interaction with intelligent verification, so as to ensure the organic integration of inner conviction and machine empowerment, logical subsumption and data integration, as well as cognitive decision-making and cognitive prompting. The digital transformation of the criminal evidence system can be advanced through specific paths, including improving the system of evidence categories, refining the rules for electronic data review, perfecting the exclusionary rule of illegally obtained evidence, optimizing the application of proof standards, and clarifying the status of professional experts, so as to provide institutional support for the modernization of the rule of law.