小微企业数字化转型资源约束及破解路径

Resource Constraints and Solutions for Digital Transformation of Small and Micro Enterprises

摘要: 在数字经济与实体经济深度融合背景下，数字化转型已成为小微企业提升效率、增强竞争力的必由之路。但我国大量小微企业普遍面临资金不足、人才匮乏、技术适配性弱、数据基础薄弱、管理能力不足等多重资源约束，呈现“不敢转、不会转、没钱转、没人转”的现实困境。本文基于资源基础理论、动态能力理论与制度理论，系统分析小微企业数字化转型面临的资源约束类型、深层成因，并从资金、人才、技术、数据、管理、外部生态六个维度提出轻量化、可落地的破解路径。研究表明，小微企业数字化转型整体处于初级阶段，表现为“广度有余、深度不足”的典型特征，资源约束具有系统性、叠加性特征。进一步地，本文构建了资源约束下小微企业数字化转型的“感知–捕获–重构”动态能力模型，揭示了企业在资源极度受限条件下通过节俭创新与扩展适应实现“以小博大”的独特机理，并按照“科技型–传统型”“生产型–服务型”两个维度对企业类型进行划分，提出差异化的转型路径。研究可为小微企业突破资源瓶颈、有序推进数字化转型提供理论参考与实践指引，也可为政府完善小微企业支持政策提供决策依据。

Abstract: In the context of the deep integration of digital economy and real economy, digital transformation has become an essential pathway for small and micro enterprises (SMEs) to enhance efficiency and strengthen competitiveness. However, a large number of SMEs in China generally face multiple resource constraints, including insufficient capital, talent shortage, weak technological adaptability, poor data infrastructure, and inadequate management capabilities, resulting in the practical dilemma of being “afraid to transform, unable to transform, lacking funds to transform, and lacking personnel to transform”. Based on Resource-Based View, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, and Institutional Theory, this paper systematically analyzes the types and underlying causes of resource constraints in the digital transformation of SMEs. It proposes lightweight and implementable solutions from six dimensions: capital, talent, technology, data, management, and external ecosystem. The research indicates that the digital transformation of SMEs is generally in its initial stage, characterized by the typical feature of “sufficient breadth but insufficient depth”, with resource constraints exhibiting systemic and cumulative characteristics. Furthermore, this paper constructs a dynamic capability model of “sensing-seizing-reconfiguring” for SME digital transformation under resource constraints, revealing the unique mechanism by which enterprises achieve “small resources, big impact” through frugal innovation and exaptation under extremely resource-limited conditions. It also categorizes enterprises along two dimensions—“technology-oriented vs. traditional” and “production-oriented vs. service-oriented”—and proposes differentiated transformation pathways. This research provides theoretical reference and practical guidance for SMEs to break through resource bottlenecks and advance digital transformation in an orderly manner, and it also offers a basis for government decision-making to refine support policies for SMEs.