马克思对费尔巴哈人的本质思想的超越——基于《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的考察

Marx’s Transcendence of Feuerbach’s Thought on Human Nature—An Investigation Based on “Theses on Feuerbach”

摘要: 通过梳理费尔巴哈将人的本质理解为自然生成的“类存在”的主要思路，并指出其理论在静态化与缺乏社会历史视角方面的不足。马克思通过引入社会关系与实践活动的维度，提出人的本质并非孤立个体所固有，而是由社会关系和实践活动共同构成的现实总体，从而实现了三个层面的哲学超越：由抽象人走向现实人，由感性直观转向能动实践，由自然个体提升为历史主体。此种超越确立了以社会实践为核心的现实人学观念，标志着哲学研究从直观唯物主义向历史唯物主义的转变。研究表明，马克思以实践范畴贯通了人的生成、发展与历史演进的过程，为理解人的社会属性、历史条件与自由发展的可能性提供了理论依据。该研究为当代哲学人学与现实社会中“人的解放”问题提供了重要的方法论启示与理论参照。

Abstract: By sorting out Feuerbach’s main ideas of understanding human nature as the “generic existence” generated by nature, and pointing out the deficiencies of his theory in terms of staticness and lack of a social and historical perspective, Marx introduced the dimensions of social relations and practical activities, proposing that human nature is not inherent in isolated individuals but is constituted by the reality of social relations and practical activities. Thus, he achieved three levels of philosophical transcendence: from abstract human to real human, from passive sensuous intuition to active practice, and from natural individual to historical subject. This transcendence established the concept of human studies centered on social practice, marking the transformation of philosophical research from intuitive materialism to historical materialism. The research shows that Marx connected the process of human generation, development, and historical evolution through the category of practice, providing a theoretical basis for understanding human social attributes, historical conditions, and the possibility of free development. This study offers important methodological inspirations and theoretical references for contemporary philosophical human studies and the issue of “human liberation” in real society.