元刻板印象：概念辨析、作用机制与未来展望
Meta-Stereotype: Conceptual Differentiation, Mechanism and Future Directions
摘要: 元刻板印象是个体关于外群体如何看待自己所属群体的信念，是理解群际关系的关键心理变量。文章系统梳理了元刻板印象的概念内涵、形成机制、影响效应及测量方法。分析表明，元刻板印象具有情境性、认知性和行为性特征，其激活受权力感知、群体认同、偏见水平等因素调节。消极元刻板印象既可引发威胁效应损害认知与情绪，也可能激发阻抗效应；积极元刻板印象则表现出促进效应与窒息效应的双刃剑特性。当前研究在测量方法、跨文化比较及干预策略等方面存在局限。未来应深化效应边界探索，发展内隐测量技术，加强跨学科与跨文化整合研究。
Abstract: Meta-stereotype refers to an individual’s beliefs about how outgroup members view their own group, serving as a key psychological variable in understanding intergroup relations. This paper systematically reviews the conceptual connotation, formation mechanisms, influence effects, and measurement methods of meta-stereotype. The analysis shows that meta-stereotype possesses contextual, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics, and its activation is moderated by factors such as power perception, group identity, and prejudice level. Negative meta-stereotype can not only trigger threat effects that impair cognition and emotion, but also elicit resistance effects; positive meta-stereotype exhibits the double-edged sword characteristics of both promotion effects and choking effects. Current research has limitations in measurement methods, cross-cultural comparisons, and intervention strategies. Future research should deepen the exploration of boundary conditions, develop implicit measurement techniques, and strengthen interdisciplinary and cross-cultural integration research.
文章引用：姚椿波. 元刻板印象：概念辨析、作用机制与未来展望[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2026, 15(4): 214-221. https://doi.org/10.12677/ass.2026.154300

参考文献

[1] Vorauer, J.D., Main, K.J. and O’Connell, G.B. (1998) How Do Individuals Expect to Be Viewed by Members of Lower Status Groups? Content and Implications of Meta-Stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 917-937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[2] Owuamalam, C.K., Tarrant, M., Farrow, C.V. and Zagefka, H. (2013) The Effect of Metastereotyping on Judgements of Higher-Status Outgroups When Reciprocity and Social Image Improvement Motives Collide. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45, 12-23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[3] Finchilescu, G. (2010) Intergroup Anxiety in Interracial Interaction: The Role of Prejudice and Metastereotypes. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 334-351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] Vorauer, J.D., Hunter, A.J., Main, K.J. and Roy, S.A. (2000) Meta-Stereotype Activation: Evidence from Indirect Measures for Specific Evaluative Concerns Experienced by Members of Dominant Groups in Intergroup Interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 690-707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[5] Kamans, E., Gordijn, E.H., Oldenhuis, H. and Otten, S. (2009) What I Think You See Is What You Get: Influence of Prejudice on Assimilation to Negative Meta‐Stereotypes among Dutch Moroccan Teenagers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 842-851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] 孙亚文, 贺雯, 罗俊龙. 随迁儿童元刻板印象威胁对工作记忆的影响: 群际焦虑的中介作用[J]. 心理学报, 2015, 47(11): 1349-1359.
[7] Finkelstein, L.M., King, E.B. and Voyles, E.C. (2015) Age Metastereotyping and Cross-Age Workplace Interactions: A Meta View of Age Stereotypes at Work. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1, 26-40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[8] Krueger, J. (1996) Personal Beliefs and Cultural Stereotypes about Racial Characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 536-548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[9] Sigelman, L. and Tuch, S.A. (1997) Metastereotypes: Blacks’ Perceptions of Whites’ Stereotypes of Blacks. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 87-101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[10] Lichtenberger, E.J. (2004) The Accuracy of Meta-Stereotypes Applied to Career and Technical Education. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
[11] Koudenburg, N. and Gordijn, E.H. (2011) “My Date Can Call Me Sweet, but My Colleague Can’t” Meta-Stereotypic Behavioral Intentions as a Function of Context and Liking of the Outgroup. Social Cognition, 29, 221-230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[12] Owuamalam, C.K. and Zagefka, H. (2011) Downplaying a Compromised Social Image: The Effect of Metastereotype Valence on Social Identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 528-537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Hornsey, M.J., Trembath, M. and Gunthorpe, S. (2004) “You Can Criticize Because You Care”: Identity Attachment, Constructiveness, and the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 499-518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Tropp, L.R. and Bianchi, R.A. (2007) Interpreting References to Group Membership in Context: Feelings about Intergroup Contact Depending on Who Says What to Whom. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 153-170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[15] Ames, D.R. (2004) Strategies for Social Inference: A Similarity Contingency Model of Projection and Stereotyping in Attribute Prevalence Estimates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 573-585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Gómez, Á. (2002) If My Group Stereotypes Others, Others Stereotype My Group…and We Know. Concept, Research Lines and Future Perspectives of Meta-stereotypes. International Journal of Social Psychology: Revista de Psicología Social, 17, 253-282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[17] 贺雯, 孙亚文, 罗俊龙. 元刻板印象及其对群际关系的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(8): 1294-1302.
[18] Lammers, J., Gordijn, E.H. and Otten, S. (2008) Looking through the Eyes of the Powerful. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1229-1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[19] Galinsky, A.D. and Moskowitz, G.B. (2000) Perspective-Taking: Decreasing Stereotype Expression, Stereotype Accessibility, and In-Group Favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708-724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] Anseel, F. (2011) A Closer Look at the Mechanisms of Perceived Job Discrimination: “How I Think You Think about Us”. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19, 245-250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] He, W., Sun, Y.W. and Luo, J.L. (2014) Meta-Stereotype and Its Impacts on Intergroup Relations. Advances in Psychological Science, 22, Article No. 1294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[22] Vorauer, J.D. and Kumhyr, S.M. (2001) Is This about You or Me? Self-versus Other-Directed Judgments and Feelings in Response to Intergroup Interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 706-719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[23] Gordijn, E.H., Vacher, L. and Kuppens, T. (2017) “To Serve and Protect” When Expecting to Be Seen Negatively: The Relation between Police Officers’ Contact with Citizens, Meta‐Stereotyping, and Work‐Related Well‐Being. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 27, 253-268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] Owuamalam, C., Issmer, C., Zagefka, H., Klaßen, M. and Wagner, U. (2014) Why Do Members of Disadvantaged Groups Strike Back at Perceived Negativity Towards the In‐Group? Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24, 249-264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[25] Ma, Y., Dang, Q. and Zhang, B. (2021) Effect of Metastereotypes on Female Cooperative Behaviour and the Mediating Role of Intergroup Anxiety. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 155-169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[26] Beilock, S.L. and Gray, R. (2007) Why Do Athletes Choke under Pressure? In: Tenenbaum, G. and Eklund, R.C., Eds., Handbook of Sport Psychology, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 425-444.
[27] Bal, P.M., de Lange, A.H., Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., Zacher, H., Oderkerk, F.A. and Otten, S. (2015) Young at Heart, Old at Work? Relations between Age, (Meta-)stereotypes, Self-Categorization, and Retirement Attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 35-45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] Oliveira, E. and Cabral Cardoso, C. (2018) Stereotype Threat and Older Worker’s Attitudes: A Mediation Model. Personnel Review, 47, 187-205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[29] 李梦文, 贺雯, 陈晓燕. 消极元刻板印象对老年人认知表现的影响[J]. 心理科学, 2021, 44(2): 384-390.
[30] Oldenhuis, H.K.E. (2007) I Know What They Think about Us. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Groningen.
[31] Beilock, S.L. and DeCaro, M.S. (2007) From Poor Performance to Success under Stress: Working Memory, Strategy Selection, and Mathematical Problem Solving under Pressure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 983-998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Voyles, E., Finkelstein, L. and King, E. (2014) A Tale of Two Theories: Stereotype Threat and Metastereotypes. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7, 419-422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[33] Hopkins, N., Reicher, S., Harrison, K., Cassidy, C., Bull, R. and Levine, M. (2007) Helping to Improve the Group Stereotype: On the Strategic Dimension of Prosocial Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 776-788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Hausmann, M. (2014) Arts versus Science—Academic Background Implicitly Activates Gender Stereotypes on Cognitive Abilities with Threat Raising Men’s (but Lowering Women’s) Performance. Intelligence, 46, 235-245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] Vázquez, A., Yzerbyt, V., Dovidio, J.F. and Gómez, Á. (2016) How We Think They See Us? Valence and Difficulty of Retrieval as Moderators of the Effect of Meta‐Stereotype Activation on Intergroup Orientations. International Journal of Psychology, 52, 26-34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Vezzali, L. (2017) Valence Matters: Positive Meta-Stereotypes and Interethnic Interactions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157, 247-261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Matera, C., Stefanile, C. and Brown, R. (2015) The Role of Meta-Stereotypes in Intergroup Relations: The Case of Deaf People. TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 22, 1-15.
[38] Fowler, C. and Gasiorek, J. (2020) Implications of Metastereotypes for Attitudes toward Intergenerational Contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23, 48-70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[39] Fowler, C. and Gasiorek, J. (2019) Age Metastereotypes and the Content of Imagined Interage Conversations. Communication Research, 48, 257-290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Dong, T., Xu, L. and He, W. (2023) Is Positivity Always Beneficial? the Effect of Positive Meta-Stereotypes on Working Memory and Their Mechanism. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55, 1344-1357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[41] Bosson, J.K., Haymovitz, E.L. and Pinel, E.C. (2004) When Saying and Doing Diverge: The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Self-Reported versus Non-Verbal Anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 247-255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[42] Luksyte, A., Waite, E., Avery, D.R. and Roy, R. (2013) Held to a Different Standard: Racial Differences in the Impact of Lateness on Advancement Opportunity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 142-165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[43] MacInnis, C. and Hodson, G. (2012) “Where the Rubber Hits the Road” En Route to Inter‐Group Harmony: Examining Contact Intentions and Contact Behaviour under Meta‐Stereotype Threat. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 363-373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Ståhl, T., Van Laar, C. and Ellemers, N. (2012) The Role of Prevention Focus under Stereotype Threat: Initial Cognitive Mobilization Is Followed by Depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1239-1251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Finkelstein, L.M., Ryan, K.M. and King, E.B. (2013) What Do the Young (Old) People Think of Me? Content and Accuracy of Age-Based Metastereotypes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 633-657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[46] Weiss, D. and Perry, E.L. (2020) Implications of Generational and Age Metastereotypes for Older Adults at Work: The Role of Agency, Stereotype Threat, and Job Search Self-Efficacy. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6, 15-27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[47] Vorauer, J.D. (2006) An Information Search Model of Evaluative Concerns in Intergroup Interaction. Psychological Review, 113, 862-886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Finkelstein, L.M., Voyles, E.C., Thomas, C.L. and Zacher, H. (2020) A Daily Diary Study of Responses to Age Meta-stereotypes. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6, 28-45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[49] Ryan, K.M., King, E.B. and Finkelstein, L.M. (2015) Younger Workers’ Metastereotypes, Workplace Mood, Attitudes, and Behaviors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30, 54-70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[50] Uhlmann, E.L., Leavitt, K., Menges, J.I., Koopman, J., Howe, M. and Johnson, R.E. (2012) Getting Explicit about the Implicit: A Taxonomy of Implicit Measures and Guide for Their Use in Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 553-601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 

为你推荐