公路工程招投标阶段造价风险识别与防范机制

Cost Risk Identification and Prevention Mechanism in the Bidding and Tendering Stage of Highway Engineering

摘要: 随着我国在公路基础设施建设方面的投入持续不断地增加和市场化进程的不断深入，招投标成为了公路工程承发包的主要方式。然而在这个阶段中，造价风险因素复杂多变，并且相互交织在一起，容易出现中标价失真、合同纠纷以及项目投资失控的情况，直接影响到项目的经济以及社会效益。本文针对公路工程招投标阶段，开展对影响工程造价的关键风险因素的系统识别工作，构建有效的防范机制。研究运用案例研究和专家访谈等方法，识别出该阶段主要造价风险集中于招标文件缺陷、工程量清单编制误差、不平衡报价策略、市场价格波动、合同条款不完善及投标人串标围标等方面。在此基础上，从招标人视角出发，提出来涵盖风险预警、过程管控以及合同约束这三个层面的综合性防范机制，着重强调通过精细化地开展招标文件以及工程量清单的编制、引入价格风险合理分担条款、运用信息化手段来开展投标报价的分析，并强化资格预审以及评标过程的监督等措施，实现造价风险的前置化以及开展全过程的管理。本研究对于保障项目开展、维护市场秩序有着现实的意义。

Abstract: With the continuous increase in investment in highway infrastructure construction and the deepening of marketization in China, bidding and tendering have become the main method for contracting and awarding highway engineering projects. However, cost risk factors in this stage are complex, variable and interwoven, which easily lead to distorted winning bid prices, contract disputes and out-of-control project investment, directly affecting the economic and social benefits of projects. This paper systematically identifies the key risk factors affecting project cost in the bidding stage of highway engineering and constructs an effective prevention mechanism. Using case studies and expert interviews, the study identifies that the main cost risks at this stage focus on defects in bidding documents, errors in bill of quantities compilation, unbalanced quotation strategies, market price fluctuations, imperfect contract terms, and bid rigging and collusion among bidders. On this basis, from the perspective of the tenderee, a comprehensive prevention mechanism covering three levels: risk early warning, process control and contract restraint is proposed. Emphasis is placed on realizing the pre-positioning and whole-process management of cost risk through measures such as refined compilation of bidding documents and bill of quantities, introduction of reasonable price risk sharing clauses, application of information-based means in bid price analysis, and strengthening supervision over pre-qualification and bid evaluation processes. This study is of practical significance for ensuring project implementation and maintaining market order.