基于模块化设计与参数优化的激光切管机关键技术研究

Research on Key Technologies of Laser Pipe Cutting Machine Based on Modular Design and Parameter Optimization

摘要: 激光切管技术因其非接触、高精度等优势在高端装备制造业中逐步替代传统工艺，但在实际应用中仍存在工艺参数依赖经验、关键部件动态性能不足等问题。本文针对激光切割头聚焦调节机构开展深入的结构优化与参数分析研究：首先，建立聚焦镜位移与光斑直径的数学模型，并设计“步进电机–滚珠丝杠–直线导轨”传动方案，实现高精度位移控制；其次，对聚焦镜座、滚珠丝杠等关键部件进行静力学与模态分析，识别出二阶固有频率(152.7 Hz)接近工作频率(200 Hz)的共振风险；进一步，通过多目标遗传算法优化结构参数(镜座壁厚、丝杠直径、导轨跨距)，在刚度提升至586 N/mm的同时，将二阶频率调至118.5 Hz，有效避开共振区间；最后，基于MATLAB开展聚焦参数与工艺参数的协同模拟，分析各参数对切口质量的影响程度，并给出优化后的工艺参数组合(Δz = 18 mm, P = 2600 W, V = 1.8 m/min)，使切口宽度控制在0.287 mm，切割效率提升50%。本研究为激光切管机关键部件的结构设计与工艺优化提供了理论依据与工程参考。

Abstract: Laser pipe cutting technology is gradually replacing traditional processes in the high-end equipment manufacturing industry due to its advantages such as non-contact operation and high precision. However, in practical applications, issues persist, including reliance on empirical process parameters and insufficient dynamic performance of key components. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the structural optimization and parameter analysis of the laser cutting head focus adjustment mechanism. First, a mathematical model between the focusing lens displacement and the spot diameter is established, and a “stepper motor-ball screw-linear guide” transmission scheme is designed to achieve high-precision displacement control. Second, static and modal analyses are performed on key components such as the focusing lens holder and the ball screw, identifying a resonance risk where the second-order natural frequency (152.7 Hz) approaches the operating frequency (200 Hz). Furthermore, structural parameters (lens holder wall thickness, screw diameter, guide span) are optimized using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. While the stiffness is increased to 586 N/mm, the second-order frequency is adjusted to 118.5 Hz, effectively avoiding the resonance range. Finally, collaborative simulation of focus parameters and process parameters is conducted using MATLAB to analyze the influence of each parameter on cut quality. An optimized set of process parameters (Δz = 18 mm, P = 2600 W, V = 1.8 m/min) is proposed, achieving a cut width of 0.287 mm and a 50% improvement in cutting efficiency. This study provides theoretical support and engineering reference for the structural design and process optimization of key components in laser pipe cutting machines.