“经”的语法化路径探究

An Exploration of the Grammaticalization Path of the Word “Jing”

摘要: “经”作为汉语中兼具实词多功能与虚词语法功能的典型词汇，其语义演变与语法化过程贯穿汉语发展史，是汉语词汇动态演变的重要样本。本文基于认知语言学、语法化理论与语料库研究方法，结合CCL语料库及方言文献资料，系统梳理“经”从本义“织物纵向丝线”到名词、动词、能愿动词、介词等多词性的语义扩展轨迹，深入剖析其语法化的核心机制，并探讨语义演变与语法化过程中的制约因素。研究发现：“经”的语义演变遵循“具象→抽象”“实体→动作→关系→功能”的渐变路径，语法化则以“实词虚化”为核心，呈现“名词→动词→介词，名词→动词→能愿动词倾向”的特征，其过程既体现汉语词汇演变的共性规律，又因文化语境影响形成独特的发展轨迹，为汉语语法化研究提供了兼具理论价值与实证支撑的个案范本。

Abstract: As a typical word in Chinese that combines the multi-functionalities of a content word with the grammatical functions of a function word, “jing” has undergone a semantic evolution and grammaticalization process throughout the history of the Chinese language, making it an important sample for the dynamic evolution of Chinese vocabulary. This paper, based on cognitive linguistics, grammaticalization theory, and corpus research methods, and by combining the CCL corpus and dialect literature, systematically sorts out the semantic expansion trajectory of “jing” from its original meaning of “the longitudinal threads of a fabric” to various parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, modal verbs, and prepositions, deeply analyzes the core mechanisms of its grammaticalization, and explores the restrictive factors in the process of semantic evolution and grammaticalization. The research finds that the semantic evolution of “jing” follows a gradual path of “concrete → abstract”, “entity → action → relationship → function”, and its grammaticalization is centered on “the functionalization of content words”, presenting the characteristics of “noun → verb → preposition, noun → verb → modal verb tendency”. This process not only reflects the common laws of Chinese vocabulary evolution but also forms a unique development trajectory due to the influence of cultural context, providing a case study with both theoretical value and empirical support for the research on the grammaticalization of Chinese.