基于纵向水文连通的黄河中下游鱼类生境恢复潜力分析

Analysis of Fish Habitat Restoration Potential in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River Based on Longitudinal Hydrological Connectivity

摘要: 黄河作为中国第二大河与华北核心生态廊道，其半干旱气候与高强度人类活动造成巨大生态压力。中下游纵向水文连通性较自然状态急剧下降16倍，导致河道断流、生境破碎化及生物多样性锐减。尽管小浪底工程通过调水调沙显著调控水沙，生态修复仍面临防洪–供水–生物保护的多目标协同难题。本研究聚焦水库拦截及水沙调控对黄河中下游水文连通及鱼类生境的影响，选择白浪渡口–高村河段进行季节性水环境及水生态分析(35个点位)，建立基于水文连通性的鱼类生境恢复潜力评价体系。本文选取耐受种黄河鲤鱼(成鱼/产卵期)和敏感种刀鲚(成鱼期)为指标，并识别流速、水深等8个关键纵向水文连通因子，进而构建鱼类生境恢复潜力(SI)评价模型。结果显示耐受性鱼类物种生境恢复潜力显著高于敏感性物种(两季成鱼期SI > 0.7)。同一物种不同阶段潜力差异悬殊。季节影响上，鲤鱼成鱼期春季更优，产卵期则秋季潜力更高。空间分布：小浪底大坝下游段整体优秀(各期SI > 0.7 > 78%)；夹河滩段退化严重——鲤鱼成鱼期适生段仅占34%，且河弯子段(SI < 0.5)碎片化严重，极低纵向连通度阻碍了刀鲚等洄游通道。本研究为多目标约束下的黄河水文连通修复与鱼类生境恢复提供了关键模型支撑。

Abstract: As the second longest river in China, the Yellow River serves as a key ecological corridor in North China but is under substantial ecological pressure from its semi-arid climate and intensive human activities. Longitudinal hydrological connectivity in the middle and lower reaches has declined by approximately sixteenfold relative to natural conditions, leading to flow interruption, habitat fragmentation, and biodiversity loss. Although the Xiaolangdi Project has substantially altered flow and sediment regimes through water-sediment regulation, ecological restoration remains constrained by trade-offs among flood control, water supply, and biodiversity conservation. This study evaluates the effects of reservoir interception and water-sediment regulation on longitudinal hydrological connectivity and fish habitats in the middle and lower Yellow River. The Bailangdu-Gaocun reach was selected for seasonal analyses of water environmental and aquatic ecological conditions based on monitoring data from 35 sampling sites, and an evaluation framework for fish habitat restoration potential was established. A tolerant species, Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio, adult and spawning stages), and a sensitive migratory species, Coilia nasus (Chinese tapertail anchovy, adult stage), were selected as indicator species. Eight key indicators of longitudinal hydrological connectivity were identified, and a habitat restoration potential index (SI) was constructed by integrating habitat suitability functions with these indicators. Results indicate that tolerant fish species exhibit significantly higher habitat restoration potential than sensitive species, with SI values exceeding 0.7 for adult stages in both seasons. Habitat restoration potential differed markedly among life stages of the same species. In terms of seasonal influence, the adult stage of carp shows better potential in spring, while the spawning stage shows higher potential in autumn. In spatial distribution, the downstream section of the Xiaolangdi Dam performs overall well (SI > 0.7 in all stages, accounting for more than 78%), whereas the Jiahetan section is severely degraded—only 34% of suitable habitat remains for adult carp, and the Hewanzi section (SI < 0.5) exhibits severe fragmentation. Extremely low longitudinal connectivity obstructs migratory pathways for species such as Coilia nasus. This study provides a quantitative framework to support hydrological connectivity restoration and fish habitat recovery in the Yellow River under multi-objective management constraints.