细菌来源生物絮凝剂的研究进展

Research Progress on Bacterial-Derived Bioflocculants

摘要: 微生物絮凝剂因具有生物相容性好、可降解且适用范围广等显著优势，在各类废水处理领域备受关注。尽管细菌是生物絮凝剂的重要来源，但目前尚缺乏对其合成途径的系统性阐述。本文系统梳理了产絮凝剂细菌的主要类群，详细阐述了不同类群菌株产物的成分差异与絮凝特性。同时，本文深入解析了生物絮凝剂核心成分(包括胞外多糖、γ-聚谷氨酸、糖蛋白及脂肽)的生物合成途径与关键调控基因，并总结了当前用于提升絮凝剂产量与活性的调控策略。针对目前生物絮凝剂在实际应用中面临的环境适应性受限及生产成本高昂等瓶颈问题进行了分析，本文提出了相应的解决策略：包括借助微流控、基因工程及合成生物学等前沿技术获取高产菌株；利用廉价农工业废弃物(水)作为底物以降低发酵成本；以及融合人工智能技术以解析基因功能并优化生产工艺。本文旨在为生物絮凝剂的高效开发及其产业化应用提供坚实的理论支撑。

Abstract: Microbial flocculants have garnered widespread attention in various wastewater treatment applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and broad applicability. Although bacteria serve as a crucial source of these bioflocculants, a systematic elaboration of their synthetic pathways remains lacking. This review systematically categorizes the major groups of flocculant-producing bacteria and details the structural components and flocculation characteristics of their respective strains. Furthermore, we elucidate the biosynthetic pathways and key regulatory genes of core bioflocculant components—including extracellular polysaccharides, γ-polyglutamic acid, glycoproteins, and lipopeptides—and summarize current regulatory strategies employed to enhance their yield and activity. By analyzing existing bottlenecks such as limited environmental adaptability and prohibitive production costs, we propose targeted prospective solutions. These include utilizing microfluidics, genetic engineering, and synthetic biology to develop high-yield strains; exploiting low-cost industrial or agricultural waste to reduce production expenses; and integrating artificial intelligence to decode gene functions and optimize production processes. Ultimately, this review provides a solid theoretical foundation for the efficient development and industrial-scale application of microbial flocculants.