从“抽象的人”到“现实的人”——马克思人的本质理论对德国古典人学的超越

From “Abstract Man” to “Real Man”—Marx’s Theory of Human Essence and Its Transcendence of German Classical Anthropology

摘要: 人的本质问题是马克思主义哲学的核心议题。康德、黑格尔、费尔巴哈从不同维度阐释人的本质，但均脱离社会实践与历史发展语境，陷入抽象化困境。马克思立足历史唯物主义，以实践活动为逻辑支点，从现实的人出发，提出“人的本质是一切社会关系的总和”的核心命题，实现了对德国古典人学的批判性超越。本文以文本分析为基础，系统梳理马克思人的本质理论的演进历程，阐释其对德国古典人学超越的具体维度与核心内核，挖掘这一超越的理论价值与实践意蕴，以期为深化马克思主义人学研究、回应当代人的发展困境提供思想资源。

Abstract: The question of human essence is a central issue in Marxist philosophy. Kant, Hegel, and Feuerbach interpreted human essence from different perspectives, but all detached themselves from the context of social practice and historical development, thereby falling into the trap of abstraction. Grounded in historical materialism and taking practical activity as its logical fulcrum, Marx, starting from the real man, put forward the scientific proposition that “the essence of man is the sum total of all social relations,” thereby achieving a critical transcendence of German classical anthropology. Based on textual analysis, this paper systematically traces the evolution of Marx’s theory of human essence, elucidates the specific dimensions and core essence of his transcendence of German classical anthropology, and explores the theoretical value and practical implications of this transcendence, with the aim of providing intellectual resources for deepening research on Marxist anthropology and addressing the developmental dilemmas of contemporary humanity.