基于马克思异化劳动理论的数字劳动异化批判

A Critique of Digital Labor Alienation Based on Marx’s Theory of Alienated Labor

摘要: 马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中提出的异化劳动理论为剖析资本主义生产关系下人的发展困境提供了理论基础。随着数字技术革命的深化，数字劳动作为新型劳动形态并未消除异化问题，反而通过数据垄断、算法控制等新形式加剧了资本对劳动的剥削。基于马克思异化劳动理论的四重维度，系统剖析底层数字零工劳动者、数字技术脑力劳动者、数字创业创意者的异化现象；揭示其背后资本逻辑主导、数字技术异化加深剥削及意识形态与消费文化共谋的深层成因；提出回归数字技术的价值本位、提升数字劳动者的数字技能与主体意识、完善数字劳动法规体系以及消解数字拜物教的观念认知等治理路径。

Abstract: The theory of alienated labor proposed by Marx in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 provides a theoretical foundation for analyzing the predicament of human development under capitalist relations of production. With the deepening of the digital technology revolution, digital labor, as a new form of labor, has not eliminated the problem of alienation. On the contrary, it has intensified the exploitation of labor by capital through new forms such as data monopoly and algorithmic control. Based on the four dimensions of Marx’s theory of alienated labor, this paper systematically analyzes the alienation phenomena experienced by different groups: grassroots digital gig workers, digital technology intellectual workers and digital entrepreneurs/creatives. It reveals the underlying causes, including the dominance of capitalist logic, the deepening exploitation facilitated by the alienation of digital technology itself, and the collusion between ideology and consumer culture. Accordingly, the paper proposes several governance pathways. These include returning digital technology to its value-oriented essence, enhancing the digital skills and subjective consciousness of digital laborers, improving the legal and regulatory system for digital labor, and deconstructing the perceptual cognition associated with digital fetishism.