自我积极偏向与自我消极偏向：从对立到共存

Self-Positivity Bias and Self-Negativity Bias: From Opposition to Coexistence

摘要: 自我积极偏向和自我消极偏向受到了人格和社会心理学的广泛关注，大量研究结果表明，个体对自我相关信息普遍具有积极偏向，而自我消极偏向被认为是焦虑症、抑郁症等不健康心理状态的预测因素。传统的自我矛盾性观点认为同时对自我存在积极和消极的看法是一种主观性矛盾心理，是不健康的心理状态。然而，近年的研究发现，积极与消极自我评价在内隐层面共存是自我表征的基本结构，且是人格的普遍特征。以往研究缺少从结构层面对自我表征的积极和消极偏向的实证研究证据。本综述在总结分析已有相关文献的基础上，系统梳理了自我积极偏向、自我消极偏向及自我矛盾性研究的发展脉络，重点分析从传统对立视角向共存视角的转变，并探讨这一转变对理解自我结构与功能的启示。未来的研究可以进一步探究这种共存结构的个体差异、神经基础及其适应性意义。

Abstract: Self-positivity bias and self-negativity bias have received extensive attention in personality and social psychology. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that individuals generally exhibit a positive bias toward self-related information, whereas self-negativity bias is considered a predictor of unhealthy psychological states, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Traditional perspectives on self-ambivalence suggest that holding both positive and negative views of the self simultaneously represents a subjective ambivalence, which is indicative of an unhealthy psychological state. However, recent studies have found that the coexistence of positive and negative self-evaluations at the implicit level is a fundamental structure of self-representation and a common characteristic of personality. Previous research has lacked empirical evidence examining the structural aspects of positivity and negativity biases in self-representation. This review systematically synthesizes existing literature to trace the developmental trajectory of research on self-positivity bias, self-negativity bias, and self-ambivalence, with a particular focus on the transition from the traditional opposition perspective to the coexistence perspective. Furthermore, it explores the implications of this shift for understanding the structure and function of the self. Future research should further investigate individual differences in this coexistence structure, its neural underpinnings, and its adaptive significance.