神经肽在病毒感染中的双重作用： 从宿主防御到免疫逃逸

Dual Role of Neuropeptides in Viral Infection: From Host Defense to Immune Evasion

摘要: 神经肽作为神经系统重要的信号分子，不仅介导神经元之间以及神经元与免疫细胞、内分泌细胞等靶细胞之间的信息传递，参与调节多种生理及病理过程，在病毒感染中也发挥重要调控作用。神经肽在病毒感染中的作用涉及直接抗病毒效应、免疫调节功能以及被病毒利用实现免疫逃逸等多种机制。降钙素基因相关肽、神经肽Y、P物质等通过不同途径发挥直接抗病毒作用；Kisspeptin/GPR54信号轴、NPS/NPSR系统、胃泌素释放肽等则可被病毒操纵以促进免疫逃逸。神经肽与模式识别受体通路之间的双向调节构成神经–免疫调控网络的重要组成部分。基于神经肽的治疗策略为抗病毒治疗提供了新思路，但其临床转化仍面临递送系统、功能选择性和时相特异性等挑战。本文旨在系统综述近年来神经肽在病毒感染中作用机制的研究进展，重点关注其免疫调节功能，以期为抗病毒治疗研究提供参考。

Abstract: Neuropeptides, as crucial signaling molecules of the nervous system, not only mediate information transmission between neurons and target cells (including immune cells and endocrine cells) and participate in various physiological and pathological processes, but also play important regulatory roles in viral infections. The mechanisms of neuropeptides in viral infection involve direct antiviral effects, immunomodulatory functions, and potential exploitation by viruses to achieve immune evasion. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, and substance P exert direct antiviral effects through different pathways, while the Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling axis, NPS/NPSR system, and gastrin-releasing peptid can be manipulated by viruses to promote immune evasion. The bidirectional regulation between neuropeptides and pattern recognition recepto pathways constitutes an important component of the neuro-immune regulatory network. Although therapeutic strategies targeting neuropeptides offer new approaches for antiviral treatment, their clinical translation still faces challenges including delivery systems, functional selectivity, and temporal specificity. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on the mechanisms of neuropeptides in viral infection, with a focus on their immunomodulatory functions, aiming to provide references for antiviral therapy research.