断层泥显微结构与矿物成分研究进展——以龙门山断裂带为例
Research Progress on Microstructure and Mineral Composition of Fault Gouge—A Case Study of the Longmenshan Fault Zone
摘要: 断层泥是活动断裂带内最具代表性的软弱断层岩，其形成与构造剪切、颗粒破碎、流体–岩石相互作用及低温蚀变等过程密切相关，能够连续记录断层长期活动的力学环境、变形方式与演化历史。显微结构是断层泥在剪切过程中形成的直观痕迹，可用于判别断层是地震式快速滑动，还是稳定蠕滑；矿物组成尤其是黏土矿物组合，则对变形温度、流体性质、蚀变强度具有敏感响应。二者结合，已成为判断断裂活动性、分析强震机理、评价工程地质稳定性的重要依据。龙门山断裂带位于青藏高原东缘，是典型的大陆内部逆冲推覆构造带，历史上发生过多次强震，断裂带内部断层泥发育完整、露头连续，为开展微观结构与矿物成分研究提供了良好条件。文章在总结国内外相关研究的基础上，系统梳理了断层泥的野外采集、显微观测与矿物分析的主要方法，详细阐述了断层泥显微结构类型、矿物组成特征及其地质意义，重点讨论了显微结构与矿物组合联合用于判别滑动方式、活动期次、变形环境和工程稳定性的思路，并以龙门山断裂带为例，总结了该区域在断层泥研究方面的主要成果。最后指出当前研究存在的不足，并对未来发展方向进行展望。
Abstract: Fault gouge is one of the most representative weak fault rocks in active fault zones. Its formation is closely related to tectonic shearing, grain fragmentation, fluid-rock interaction and low-temperature alteration, which can continuously record the mechanical environment, deformation pattern and evolution history of long-term fault activity. The microstructure is an intuitive trace formed during the shearing process of fault gouge, which can be used to distinguish whether the fault slips rapidly in earthquakes or creeps steadily. The mineral composition, especially clay mineral assemblage, is sensitive to deformation temperature, fluid properties and alteration intensity. The combination of microstructure and mineral composition has become an important basis for judging fault activity, analyzing strong earthquake mechanisms and evaluating engineering geological stability. Located on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the Longmenshan Fault Zone is a typical intracontinental thrust belt. Many large earthquakes have occurred in history, and the fault gouge inside the fault zone is well developed and continuously exposed, providing favorable conditions for the study of microstructure and mineral composition. Based on the summary of relevant research, this paper systematically sorts out the main methods of field collection, microscopic observation and mineral analysis of fault gouge, expounds the types of microstructure, mineral composition characteristics and their geological significance, and focuses on the idea of combining microstructure and mineral assemblage to identify slip patterns, activity stages, deformation environment and engineering stability. Taking the Longmenshan Fault Zone as an example, this paper summarizes the main research results of fault gouge in this area. Finally, the deficiencies of current research are pointed out, and the future development direction is prospected.
文章引用：黄晓可. 断层泥显微结构与矿物成分研究进展——以龙门山断裂带为例[J]. 地球科学前沿, 2026, 16(4): 524-537. https://doi.org/10.12677/ag.2026.164047

参考文献

[1] 张秉良, 林传勇, 史兰斌. 香山-天景山断裂断层泥显微构造特征及其地质意义[J]. 中国科学(D辑: 地球科学), 2002(3): 184-190.
[2] Bos, B., Peach, C.J. and Spiers, C.J. (2000) Frictional-Viscous Flow of Simulated Fault Gouge Caused by the Combined Effects of Phyllosilicates and Pressure Solution. Tectonophysics, 327, 173-194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[3] Reinen, L.A. (2000) Seismic and Aseismic Slip Indicators in Serpentinite Gouge. Geology, 28, 135-138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] 付碧宏, 王萍, 孔屏, 等. 四川汶川5∙12大地震同震滑动断层泥的发现及构造意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2008, 24(10): 2237-2243.
[5] 袁仁茂, 张秉良, 徐锡伟, 等. 汶川地震北川-映秀断裂北段断层泥显微构造和黏土矿物特征及其意义[J]. 地震地质, 2013, 35(4): 685-700.
[6] 张秉良, 方仲景, 向宏发, 等. 断层泥显微结构特征与断层滑动习性的研究[J]. 华南地震, 1996(4): 68-72.
[7] 张秉良, 林传勇, 方仲景, 等. 活断层中断层泥的显微构造特征及其意义[J]. 科学通报, 1993(14): 1306-1308.
[8] 张秉良, 周永胜. 含有粘土矿物断层泥地震与非地震标志[J]. 吉首大学学报(自然科学版), 2000(4): 67-71.
[9] 李海兵, 许志琴, 马胜利, 等. 汶川地震和九寨沟地震断层作用及动力学过程研究进展——纪念汶川地震十周年[J]. 地球物理学报, 2018, 61(5): 1653-1665.
[10] 王萍, 付碧宏, 张斌, 等. 汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系[J]. 地球物理学报, 2009, 52(1): 131-139.
[11] 党嘉祥, 周永胜, 韩亮, 等. 虹口八角庙-深溪沟炭质泥岩同震断层泥的X射线衍射分析结果[J]. 地震地质, 2012, 34(1): 17-27.
[12] 韩亮, 周永胜, 陈建业, 等. 汶川地震基岩同震断层泥结构特征[J]. 第四纪研究, 2010, 30(4): 745-758.
[13] 何昌荣, Verberne, B.A., Spiers, C.J. 龙门山断裂带沉积岩和天然断层泥的摩擦滑动性质与启示[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2011, 30(1): 113-131.
[14] 袁仁茂, 张秉良, 徐锡伟, 等. 汶川地震剪切滑动面微-纳米级颗粒的特征、形成机制及地震意义[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2014, 44(8): 1821-1832.
[15] Tanaka, H., Fujimoto, K., Ohtani, T. and Ito, H. (2001) Structural and Chemical Characterization of Shear Zones in the Freshly Activated Nojima Fault, Awaji Island, Southwest Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106, 8789-8810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[16] 张青, 李馨. 电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)在组构分析中的应用和相关问题[J]. 岩石学报, 2021, 37(4): 1000-1014.
[17] 刘俊来, 曹淑云, 邹运鑫, 等. 岩石电子背散射衍射(EBSD)组构分析及应用[J]. 地质通报, 2008(10): 1638-1645.
[18] 许志琴, 王勤, 梁凤华, 等. 电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术在大陆动力学研究中的应用[J]. 岩石学报, 2009, 25(7): 1721-1736.
[19] 夏浩然, 刘俊来. 石英结晶学优选与应用[J]. 地质通报, 2011, 30(1): 58-70.
[20] 曹晓文, 孙志明, 黄宝琛, 等. 藏南泽当地区大反向逆冲断层变形研究——以磁组构与EBSD组构分析为例[J]. 岩石学报, 2021, 37(10): 3167-3184.
[21] 李晓慧. 龙门山断裂带金河磷矿剖面断层泥的低速至高速摩擦性质研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 北京: 中国地震局地质研究所, 2018.
[22] Moore, D.E., Summers, R. and Byerlee, J.D. (1989) Sliding Behavior and Deformation Textures of Heated Illite Gouge. Journal of Structural Geology, 11, 329-342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[23] 姚大全. 基岩区断裂活动习性研究方法初探: 以殷家汇-葛公镇断裂研究为例[J]. 地震学刊, 2001, 21(2): 15-18.
[24] 姚大全. 鲜水河断裂带活动期次和滑移特性微观标志的识别[J]. 灾害学, 2004, 19(1): 7-10.
[25] 马胜利, 姚路, 嶋本利彦, 等. 岩石高速摩擦实验的进展[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(3): 814-824.
[26] 韩竹军, 张秉良, 曾新福, 等. 江西中北部基岩区断层泥显微构造特征及意义[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(4): 903-919.
[27] Yao, L., Shimamoto, T., Ma, S., Han, R. and Mizoguchi, K. (2013) Rapid Postseismic Strength Recovery of Pingxi Fault Gouge from the Longmenshan Fault System: Experiments and Implications for the Mechanisms of High‐Velocity Weakening of Faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118, 4547-4563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] Chester, F.M. and Logan, J.M. (1986) Implications for Mechanical Properties of Brittle Faults from Observations of the Punchbowl Fault Zone, California. pure and applied geophysics, 124, 79-106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[29] Rutter, E.H., Maddock, R.H., Hall, S.H. and White, S.H. (1986) Comparative Microstructures of Natural and Experimentally Produced Clay-Bearing Fault Gouges. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 124, 3-30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[30] Blenkinsop, T. (2002) Deformation Microstrctures and Mechanisms in Minerals and Rocks. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 7-23.
[31] 丁盛昌, 邱世藩, 朱照宇, 等. 华南沿海广从断裂带北段断层泥中石英微形貌与第四纪活动性特征[J]. 大地构造与成矿学, 2023, 47(2): 327-336.
[32] 申俊峰, 申旭辉, 曹忠全. 断层泥石英形貌与断层活动性研究[J]. 矿物岩石, 2007, 27(1): 90-96.
[33] 黄静宜, 刘智荣, 刘晓燕. 沂沭断裂带北段断层泥中石英颗粒微形貌特征分析[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2023, 32(5): 197-207.
[34] Chen, W.D., Tanaka, H., Huang, H., Lu, C., Lee, C. and Wang, C. (2007) Fluid Infiltration Associated with Seismic Faulting: Examining Chemical and Mineralogical Compositions of Fault Rocks from the Active Chelungpu Fault. Tectonophysics, 443, 243-254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] Isaacs, A.J., Evans, J.P., Song, S. and Kolesar, P.T. (2007) Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 18, 183-221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[36] 谢礼焕, 刘贺娟, 班胜男, 等. 不同组分断层泥的剪切特性试验研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2023, 44(9): 2545-2554.
[37] 齐群, 兰恒星, 李守定. 断层泥微观结构与力学性质关系研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2020, 39(S1): 2689-2698.
[38] Li, Y.B., Chen, L.C., Ran, Y.K. and Chang, Y. (2022) Microscopic Characteristics of Fault Gouge in Minor-Surface-Rupture Faults: A Case Study in the Longmenshan Fault Zone, Eastern Tibetan. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, Article ID: 840667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[39] Li, H., Wang, H., Xu, Z., Si, J., Pei, J., Li, T., et al. (2013) Characteristics of the Fault-Related Rocks, Fault Zones and the Principal Slip Zone in the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole-1 (WFSD-1). Tectonophysics, 584, 23-42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Han, L., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., Ma, S., Yang, X., He, C., et al. (2010) Structural Characters of Co-Seismic Fault Gouge in Bed Rocks during the Wenchuan Earthquake. Quaternary Science, 30, 745-758. (In Chinese)
[41] Si, J., Li, H., Kuo, L., Pei, J., Song, S. and Wang, H. (2014) Clay Mineral Anomalies in the Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault Zone from the WFSD-1 Drilling Core and Its Implication for the Faulting Mechanism during the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake (Mw 7.9). Tectonophysics, 619, 171-178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[42] Chen, J., Yang, X., Ma, S., Yang, T. and Niemeijer, A. (2016) Hydraulic Properties of Samples Retrieved from the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole‐1 (WFSD‐1) and the Surface Rupture Zone: Implications for Coseismic Slip Weakening and Fault Healing. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17, 2717-2744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[43] Wang, H., Li, H., Si, J., Sun, Z. and Huang, Y. (2014) Internal Structure of the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone, Revealed by Surface Outcrop and WFSD-1 Drilling Core Investigation. Tectonophysics, 619, 101-114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[44] Duan, Q., Yang, X., Ma, S., Chen, J. and Chen, J. (2016) Fluid-Rock Interactions in Seismic Faults: Implications from the Structures and Mineralogical and Geochemical Compositions of Drilling Cores from the Rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, China. Tectonophysics, 666, 260-280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]