青少年社会工作实务中案主自决原则在实践中的伦理困境及对策研究

Research on Ethical Dilemmas and Countermeasures of the Principle of Client Self-Determination in Youth Social Work Practice

摘要: 案主自决作为社会工作的核心价值观之一，体现了以人为本的专业理念。然而在青少年社会工作实务中，由于青少年身心发育尚未完善，自主决策能力与意识相对薄弱，加之来自家庭方面过度的保护或专制式干预、学校对于成绩等单一目标的侧重以及社会传统文化观念等外部环境因素，案主自决原则的应用面临复杂的伦理困境。研究采用文献研究法与非参与式观察法相结合等方法，深入探究青少年社会工作实务中案主自决的伦理困境及优化策略。研究发现，困境主要源于父母干扰、社会工作者抉择困难及案主自身局限性。基于优势视角与增强权能理论，文章提出协调家庭参与边界，构建合作式支持关系、完善专业判断程序，减轻社会工作者的抉择压力、提升案主自我能力，增强自主决策基础、建立持续性的伦理保障机制等优化策略，旨在为提升青少年社会工作实务中案主自决原则的运用水平提供参考。

Abstract: Client self-determination, as one of the core values of social work, embodies the profession’s people-centered philosophy. However, in adolescent social work practice, the application of the principle of client self-determination is confronted with complex ethical dilemmas. Owing to adolescents’ incomplete physical and psychological development, their capacity and awareness for autonomous decision-making remain relatively limited. In addition, external environmental factors—including excessive parental protection or authoritarian intervention, schools’ emphasis on singular goals such as academic achievement, and traditional sociocultural norms—further constrain the realization of self-determination. This study employs a combination of literature review and non-participant observation to explore in depth the ethical dilemmas surrounding adolescent client self-determination in social work practice, as well as corresponding optimization strategies. The findings indicate that these dilemmas primarily stem from three aspects: parental interference, the difficulties social workers encounter in professional decision-making, and the limitations of adolescents themselves. Drawing upon the strengths perspective and empowerment theory, this paper proposes several strategies to address these challenges: clarifying the boundaries of family involvement and constructing collaborative support relationships; improving procedures for professional judgment in order to reduce social workers’ decision-making pressure; enhancing adolescents’ personal capacities so as to strengthen the foundation for autonomous decision-making; and establishing sustainable ethical safeguard mechanisms. These measures are intended to provide a reference for improving the application of the principle of client self-determination in adolescent social work practice.