论《1844年经济学哲学手稿》现代性批判的四重向度及现实意义

On the Four Dimensions of Modernity Critique in “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” and Its Practical Significance

摘要: 现代性思想是现代化的理论基础。马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)中以异化劳动理论为核心范畴，对资本主义现代化道路进行了经济、自然、社会、精神的四重向度批判，构成了马克思主义现代性批判思想的基础。马克思认为西方现代化道路在经济向度上是“私有财产”的合理化，自然向度上是“人的无机身体的丧失”、在社会向度上是“人与人相异化”、在精神向度上是“人的精神类能力”的丧失。就《手稿》的现代性批判思想的现实意义而言，以马克思在《手稿》中的现代性批判思想为指导，有助于理清中国式现代化超越资本主义现代化道路的理论逻辑，彰显中国式现代化在经济上、政治、文化、社会四重角度对“人的异化”的现代性困境的反思和扬弃。

Abstract: The idea of modernity serves as the theoretical foundation of modernization. In his “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”, Marx takes the theory of alienated labor as the core category and conducts a four-dimensional critique of the path of capitalist modernization from economic, natural, social, and spiritual perspectives, which constitutes the precursor of Marxist critical thought on modernity. Marx argues that the Western path of modernization represents, in the economic dimension, the rationalization of “private property”; in the natural dimension, the “loss of man’s inorganic body”; in the social dimension, the “alienation of man from man”; and in the spiritual dimension, the “loss of man’s spiritual species-capacity”. Regarding the contemporary significance of the critical thought on modernity in the Manuscript, taking Marx’s critical thought on modernity in the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” as a guide helps to clarify the theoretical logic through which Chinese path to modernization transcends the capitalist modernization path, and to highlight the reflection and sublation of Chinese path to modernization on the modern predicament of “human alienation” from the four perspectives of economy, politics, culture, and society.