基于生态安全格局的乌兰察布市国土空间生态修复分区研究

Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration Zoning in Ulanqab City Based on the Ecological Security Pattern

摘要: 乌兰察布市位于北方生态安全屏障重要区域，地处典型农牧交错带，生态环境整体较为脆弱，风力侵蚀问题较为突出，局部山地丘陵区存在一定水土流失风险，国土空间生态修复需求较为迫切。本文以乌兰察布市为研究区，从生态安全格局视角出发，构建“生态系统服务评估–生态源地识别–综合生态阻力面构建–生态廊道提取–生态关键瓶颈区识别–生态修复分区–典型区域验证”的研究框架。研究采用RUSLE模型评估土壤保持功能，采用基于RWEQ因子体系的方法表征防风固沙功能；在综合生态系统服务评价基础上，结合北部五个旗县分区识别结果对核心生态源地进行校正，构建综合生态阻力面，并借助最小累积阻力模型和Linkage Mapper提取生态廊道，进一步结合核密度分析识别生态关键瓶颈区。结果表明：研究区共识别出23个核心生态源地，总面积为1716.21 km²；提取生态廊道42条，总长度为1687.66 km；识别生态关键瓶颈区10处。乌兰察布市生态安全格局整体呈现“南部山地集中、北部局部补充”的源地分布特征，以及“层次分明、中东部集聚、中北部局部延伸”的廊道结构特征。结合风力侵蚀与水力侵蚀的空间分异特征，研究区可划分为北部及东部防风固沙区、中部廊道提升与农田整治区、南部及西南部山地水源涵养区三大生态修复分区。典型区域遥感验证结果表明，所识别的核心生态源地、生态廊道及生态关键瓶颈区与实际景观格局具有较好的空间对应关系。研究结果可为乌兰察布市优化国土空间生态修复布局提供参考，也可为其他类似地区开展生态修复分区研究提供思路。

Abstract: Ulanqab City is located in an important section of the northern ecological security barrier and lies within a typical agro-pastoral ecotone. Its ecological environment is generally fragile, with pronounced wind erosion and localized risks of soil erosion in mountainous and hilly areas, creating an urgent need for territorial spatial ecological restoration. From the perspective of ecological security patterns, this study established a framework integrating ecosystem service assessment, ecological source identification, integrated ecological resistance surface construction, ecological corridor extraction, ecological key bottleneck area identification, ecological restoration zoning, and validation of typical areas. The RUSLE model was used to assess soil conservation, while a method based on the RWEQ factor system was applied to characterize windbreak and sand fixation. Based on the integrated ecosystem service assessment, core ecological sources were corrected using zoning-based identification results from the five northern banners and counties. An integrated ecological resistance surface was then constructed, and ecological corridors were extracted using the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model and Linkage Mapper. Ecological key bottleneck areas were further identified through kernel density analysis. The results showed that 23 core ecological source patches were identified, covering 1716.21 km²; 42 ecological corridors were extracted, with a total length of 1687.66 km; and 10 ecological key bottleneck areas were delineated. The ecological security pattern of Ulanqab City is characterized by a distribution of ecological sources with mountainous concentration in the south and local supplementation in the north, as well as a corridor structure with clear hierarchy, concentration in the central-eastern part, and local extension in the central-northern part. Based on the spatial differentiation of wind and water erosion, the study area was divided into three ecological restoration zones: the northern and eastern windbreak and sand fixation zone, the central corridor improvement and farmland regulation zone, and the southern and southwestern mountainous water conservation zone. Validation based on high-resolution remote sensing imagery of typical areas further showed that the identified ecological sources, corridors, and ecological key bottleneck areas were generally consistent with actual landscape patterns. The results provide a reference for optimizing the territorial spatial ecological restoration layout of Ulanqab City and offer insights for ecological restoration zoning in similar agro-pastoral ecotone areas.