基于纳米抗体的免疫分析方法在小分子农药残留检测方面应用进展
The Application Progress of Immunoassays Based on Nanobodies in the Detection of Small Molecule Pesticide Residues
DOI: 10.12677/hjas.2026.164084, PDF,   
作者: 仲文慧, 高希宝*：山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院理化检验学系，山东 济南
关键词: 农药残留；免疫传感器；纳米抗体；基因工程技术；Pesticide Residues； Immune Sensors； Nanobodies； Genetic Engineering Technology
摘要: 小分子农药兽药(分子量 <1000 Da)的全球滥用引发严重农兽药残留污染与耐药性增强危机，残留的农兽药通过食物、环境等途径进入人体对人体有急性慢性的伤害。而传统检测技术受限于灵敏度不足、操作复杂、成本高等问题，难以满足对农兽药残留检测需求。免疫检测法是实现痕量分析物检测的灵敏和简便的方法。抗体是免疫检测的关键识别元件，而传统抗体存在生产周期长、操作复杂及在复杂基质中不稳定等问题限制其在免疫检测方法中的应用。本文引入了源自骆驼科VHH结构域的纳米抗体(Nanobodies, Nbs)，其凭借15 kDa超小尺寸、极端环境耐受性及可编程CDR区，成功替代传统抗体作为免疫检测识别元件。同时，本文综述了目前筛选并用于建立农兽药残留免疫检测的纳米抗体，制备该纳米抗体所使用的技术、同时论述通过基因工程技术获取具有更高亲和力的纳米抗体衍生物的策略，以及基于此优质纳米抗体建立的免疫检测方法检测小分子农兽药残留的进展。
Abstract: The global abuse of small-molecule pesticides and veterinary drugs (with a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da) has led to a serious crisis of pesticide and veterinary drug residue pollution and increased drug resistance. The residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs enter the human body through food, the environment, etc., causing acute and chronic harm. Traditional detection technologies are limited by insufficient sensitivity, complex operation, and high costs, making it difficult to meet the detection requirements for pesticide and veterinary drug residues. Immuno-detection methods are sensitive and simple methods for trace analysis. Antibodies are the key recognition elements of immuno-detection, and traditional antibodies have problems such as long production cycles, complex operations, and instability in complex matrices, which limit their application in immuno-detection methods. This paper introduces nanobodies (Nanobodies, Nbs) derived from the VHH domain of the camel family. With their 15 kDa ultra-small size, extreme environmental tolerance, and programmable CDR regions, they successfully replace traditional antibodies as recognition elements in immuno-detection. At the same time, this paper reviews the currently screened and used nanobodies for the establishment of pesticide and veterinary drug residue immuno-detection, the technologies used in preparing these nanobodies, and the strategies for obtaining nanobody derivatives with higher affinity through genetic engineering techniques, as well as the progress of immuno-detection methods based on these high-quality nanobodies for the detection of small-molecule pesticide and veterinary drug residues.
文章引用：仲文慧, 高希宝. 基于纳米抗体的免疫分析方法在小分子农药残留检测方面应用进展 [J]. 农业科学, 2026, 16(4): 669-684. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjas.2026.164084

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