人口老龄化背景下农村社保基金可持续性的深层矛盾与问题分析

An Analysis of the Deep-Seated Contradictions and Problems Concerning the Sustainability of Rural Social Security Funds against the Backdrop of Population Aging

摘要: 我国人口老龄化加速推进，农村呈现老龄化程度更深、人口空心化加剧、未富先老更突出的特征。作为农村基本民生保障的核心资金载体，农村社保基金的可持续运行面临远超城镇的严峻挑战。本文以供需错配为核心切入点，系统剖析其多重深层困境：收入端三元筹资体系失效，增收缺乏内生动力；支出端养老与医疗需求刚性增长叠加低效运行，收支矛盾加剧；制度设计僵化、统筹层次偏低，适配性不足；运营管理中模式滞后、投资单一、监管缺位；政策落地受基层服务薄弱、数字化适配差等梗阻。研究表明，该问题是城乡二元结构遗留、人口转型与基层治理不足等因素长期叠加的结果，直接关乎农村老年群体权益、乡村振兴根基与共同富裕推进。本文通过梳理剖析，为构建适配农村实际的一体化社保基金体系提供参考，对积极应对农村老龄化、筑牢民生保障网具有重要现实意义。

Abstract: With the accelerated advancement of population aging in China, rural areas exhibit distinct characteristics: a deeper degree of aging, worsening population hollowing, and a more prominent trend of “aging before getting rich.” As the core capital carrier for rural basic livelihood security, the sustainable operation of rural social security funds faces far more severe challenges than those in urban areas. Taking supply-demand mismatch as the core entry point, this paper systematically analyzes its multiple in-depth predicaments: the failure of the tripartite financing system on the revenue side, resulting in a lack of internal momentum for revenue growth; the rigid growth of elderly care and medical needs coupled with inefficient operation on the expenditure side, intensifying contradictions between revenue and expenditure; rigid system design and low overall planning level, leading to insufficient adaptability; outdated models, single investment channels, and lack of supervision in operation and management; and obstacles such as weak grassroots services and poor digital adaptability in policy implementation. Research shows that this issue is the result of the long-term superposition of factors including the legacy of the urban-rural dual structure, population transformation, and insufficient grassroots governance, directly relating to the rights and interests of rural elderly groups, the foundation of rural revitalization, and the progress of common prosperity. By sorting out and analyzing these issues, this paper provides a reference for constructing an integrated social security fund system adapted to rural realities, and holds important practical significance for actively responding to rural aging and consolidating the people’s livelihood security network.