社会工作视域下独居老年人社会支持网络的重构研究

Research on the Reconstruction of Social Support Networks for Empty-Nest and Solo-Living Elderly from the Perspective of Social Work

摘要: 响应积极老龄化国家战略，针对我国人口老龄化加深、独居老年群体持续扩大的现状，本文以60周岁及以上缺乏家庭成员日常陪伴照料的独居老年人为研究对象，开展社会支持网络重构研究。文章梳理独居老年人社会支持网络的核心概念与生态系统、社会支持两大理论基础，叙述相关研究成果，分析其非正式与正式支持网络的发展现状，深入剖析出家庭邻里亲友联结弱化、政府社区服务供给不足、正式非正式支持脱节、老人主动求助意识薄弱等问题，并从家庭结构、体制机制、协同模式、传统观念等层面探究问题成因。基于社会工作专业视角，从修复传统养老互助根基、补齐社区服务短板、整合全域养老服务资源、赋能老人提升自我求助能力四个维度，提出独居老年人社会支持网络的重构路径，旨在搭建全方位、多层次、可持续的社会支持网络，助力养老服务事业高质量发展。

Abstract: In response to the national strategy of active aging and against the background of deepening population aging and the continuous expansion of the solo-living elderly group in China, this paper takes the solo-living elderly aged 60 and above who lack daily company and care from family members as the research object to conduct a study on the reconstruction of their social support network. The paper sorts out the core concepts of the social support network for the solo-living elderly, as well as two theoretical foundations: ecosystem theory and social support theory. It reviews relevant research findings, analyzes the current development of their informal and formal support networks, and deeply explores problems such as weakened ties among families, neighbors, relatives and friends, insufficient supply of government and community services, disconnection between formal and informal support, and weak awareness of active help-seeking among the elderly. It also probes into the causes of these problems from the perspectives of family structure, systems and mechanisms, collaborative models, and traditional concepts. From the professional perspective of social work, this paper proposes paths for reconstructing the social support network for the solo-living elderly from four dimensions: restoring the foundation of traditional old-age care and mutual assistance, making up for shortcomings in community services, integrating comprehensive old-age service resources, and empowering the elderly to improve their self-help-seeking ability. The study aims to build an all-round, multi-level and sustainable social support network, so as to promote the high-quality development of the old-age service cause.