农村老龄化背景下普惠金融养老服务的实践与完善

Practice and Improvement of Inclusive Financial Pension Services against the Background of Rural Aging

摘要: 人口老龄化背景下，农村老龄化呈现高龄化、空巢化、贫困化的典型特征，传统养老模式难以为继，普惠金融成为破解农村养老服务供给困境的重要抓手。本文以普惠金融理论、积极老龄化理论、制度经济学理论和福利经济学理论为支撑，构建“需求端–供给端–政策端–保障端”四维理论分析框架，系统梳理我国农村普惠金融养老服务的实践现状与典型模式，选取两类典型模式开展深度案例研究，剖析不同经济发展水平农村地区、不同特征老年群体对应的服务供给问题，并从理论层面探究问题成因。研究发现，农村普惠金融养老服务发展的核心矛盾是普惠性与可持续性、理论与实践、公平性与适配性的脱节，本质是四大核心理论在农村场景的落地不畅且缺乏差异化适配。据此，从政策、金融、服务、权益四大维度，针对不同类型农村地区和老年群体提出针对性完善路径，旨在推动农村普惠金融养老服务高质量发展，助力积极老龄化在农村落地见效，为乡村振兴背景下农村养老服务体系建设提供理论参考与实践指引。

Abstract: Against the background of population aging, rural aging in China is characterized by advanced aging, empty-nest households and impoverishment, making the traditional elderly care model unsustainable. Inclusive finance has become an important approach to solving the supply dilemma of rural elderly care services. Based on inclusive finance theory, active aging theory, institutional economics and welfare economics, this paper constructs a four-dimensional theoretical framework: Demand-Supply-Policy-Security. It systematically reviews the practice and typical models of rural inclusive financial elderly care services, and conducts in-depth case studies on two typical models. The study finds that the core contradictions are the misalignment between inclusiveness and sustainability, theory and practice, fairness and adaptability. Fundamentally, it results from the ineffective implementation and lack of differentiated adaptation of the four theories in rural scenarios. Accordingly, this paper proposes targeted improvement paths from policy, finance, services and rights protection for different rural areas and elderly groups. It aims to promote the high-quality development of rural inclusive financial elderly care services and provide references for the rural elderly care service system under rural revitalization.