代际居住模式对老年人生活质量的影响研究——基于现状、问题与对策的分析

A Study on the Impact of Intergenerational Living Patterns on the Quality of Life of the Elderly—An Analysis Based on the Current Situation, Problems and Countermeasures

摘要: 在中国社会快速老龄化与家庭结构转型的双重背景下，代际居住模式是老年人生活质量的核心要素。本文基于代际团结与社会交换理论，系统剖析了共居、近居与分居等模式对老年人身心健康、社会参与及代际关系的差异化影响。研究表明，代际支持与冲突是影响老年人认知功能的关键因素，而不同居住模式下的老年人社交活跃度存在显著差异。当前的核心困境在于，居住模式的选择存在显著的城乡与阶层差异，低收入老年人在此过程中更易陷入多重困境。同时，农村地区传统家庭养老功能弱化，需探索新的应对模式，而城市社区在支持代际融合中的环境设计上仍显不足。为此，本文提出应构建一个包容性的协同支持体系。以代际融合为目标的社区与住房设计，发展村社共同体与城市社区的在地化养老模式，以及完善缓解家庭照料压力的社会政策。

Abstract: Against the dual backdrop of rapid population ageing and family structure transformation in Chinese society, intergenerational living arrangements constitute a core determinant of older adults’ quality of life. Drawing on theories of intergenerational solidarity and social exchange, this paper systematically analyses the divergent impacts of co-residence, nearby residence and separate residence on older adults’ physical and mental health, social participation and intergenerational relationships. The study reveals that intergenerational support and conflict are key factors influencing older adults’ cognitive function, while significant differences exist in the social activity levels of older adults under different living arrangements. A central dilemma at present is that choices of living arrangements exhibit pronounced urban-rural and socioeconomic disparities, with low-income older adults more vulnerable to multiple disadvantages in this process. Meanwhile, the traditional function of family elder care in rural areas has weakened, calling for the exploration of new adaptive models, while urban communities remain insufficient in environmental design to support intergenerational integration. Accordingly, this paper proposes the construction of an inclusive collaborative support system: community and housing design oriented toward intergenerational integration; the development of place-based elderly care models in village communities and urban neighbourhoods; and the improvement of social policies to alleviate family caregiving burdens.