乡村振兴背景下农村人口老龄化与养老保障体系建设研究

Research on Rural Population Aging and the Construction of the Elderly Security System under the Background of Rural Revitalization

摘要: 农村人口老龄化呈现速度快、规模大、城乡倒置的严峻态势，已成为推进乡村全面振兴必须面对的结构性现实。在城乡二元结构尚未根本扭转的背景下，农村家庭养老功能持续弱化、基础养老金保障水平偏低、服务供给结构性短缺三重压力叠加，使农村养老陷入“未富先老”与“未备先老”的双重困境。本文基于马克思主义社会再生产理论，认为农村养老保障体系建设应置于劳动力再生产与乡村振兴战略的有机统一中加以把握。研究提出，应以互助养老为突破口激活农村内生资源，以制度并轨促进城乡养老保障权益平等，以要素下沉夯实县乡村三级服务网络，推动农村养老从“生存型保障”向“高质量发展”转型，在破解老龄化难题中释放乡村振兴的新动能。

Abstract: Rural population aging presents a severe situation characterized by rapid speed, large scale, and an urban-rural age structure inversion, making it a structural reality that must be addressed in ad-dancing comprehensive rural revitalization. Against the backdrop of persistently unbroken urban-rural dual structures, the triple pressures—the continuous weakening of rural family care functions, the low level of basic pension security, and the structural shortage of service supply—have trapped rural elderly care in a dual dilemma of “getting old before getting rich” and “getting old before getting ready”. Drawing on Marx’s theory of social reproduction, this paper argues that the development of a rural old-age security system should be grasped within the organic unity of labor force reproduction and the rural revitalization strategy. The study proposes that mutual aid for the elderly should be taken as a breakthrough to activate endogenous rural resources; institutional integration should be promoted to achieve equal urban-rural pension rights and interests; resources should be channeled downward to consolidate a three-tier (county, township, village) service network. These measures aim to propel the transformation of rural elderly care from a “survival-oriented security” model to a “high-quality development” model, thereby unlocking new momentum for rural revitalization while addressing the challenges of aging.