企业数据“三权分置”的困境与重构

The Dilemmas and Reconstruction of the “Three-Rights Separation” for Corporate Data

摘要: 在数字经济成为全球经济增长新引擎的背景下，企业数据作为重要生产要素，其高效流通、合规利用已然成为国家竞争和产业升级的重大课题。我国所提出的数据“三权分置”制度，其根本目的正是通过分离数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权和数据产品经营权，来解决数据产权不清带来的流通困境。但目前企业数据“三权分置”从政策理念走向法律实践时遇到了立法滞后、权利运行机制不畅、司法保护薄弱等诸种现实问题。因此文章以企业数据为研究焦点，对其在立法与规制、权力运行、司法保护三个层面的具体困境做了梳理。在此基础上，论文对“三权”内涵做了极具创见的重构：将数据资源持有权视为一种受托管理责任，由此自然引出企业的合规控制义务，将数据加工使用权界定于价值创造与合规红线的动态平衡之中，将数据产品经营权的风险与收益共生性作为其最本质的特征。文章从构建层次分明的法律体系、厘清权利运行边界及流转机制、统一司法裁判并强化执行三个维度，提出了系统、可行的完善路径，也因而为我国企业数据产权制度的落地实施及数据要素市场的健康发展提供了理论参考。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the digital economy becoming a new engine of global economic growth, the efficient circulation and compliant use of corporate data, as a key factor of production, have emerged as critical issues for national competitiveness and industrial upgrading. China’s proposed “Three-Rights Separation” system for data aims precisely to address the circulation challenges caused by unclear data property rights by separating the rights to hold data resources, the rights to process and use data, and the rights to operate data products. However, in moving from policy concept to legal practice, the “Three-Rights Separation” framework currently faces practical problems such as lagging legislation, inefficient rights operational mechanisms, and weak judicial protection. Focusing on corporate data, this paper systematically examines the specific difficulties at three levels: legislation and regulation, rights operation, and judicial protection. On this basis, the paper offers an innovative reconstruction of the “Three Rights”: conceptualizing the right to hold data resources as a fiduciary management responsibility, which naturally entails corporate obligations for compliance control; defining the right to process and use data within a dynamic balance between value creation and compliance boundaries; and characterizing the right to operate data products by the inherent symbiosis of risk and benefit as its most essential feature. From three dimensions—constructing a well-tiered legal system, clarifying the boundaries and transfer mechanisms of rights operation, and unifying judicial adjudication while strengthening enforcement—this paper proposes systematic and feasible pathways for improvement. Thereby, it provides theoretical reference for the implementation of China’s corporate data property rights system and the healthy development of the data factor market.