动态体系论下“不能实现合同目的”的司法认定——以《民法典》第563条第1款第4项为中心

Judicial Determination of “Failure to Achieve the Purpose of the Contract”—Centered on Article 563(1)(4) of the Civil Code

摘要: “不能实现合同目的”在《民法典》中多处出现，其中以《民法典》第563条第1款第4项最为难以判断。由于“合同目的”“其他违约行为”概念的模糊性，该项在司法实践中的判断较为困难。引入动态体系论，根据法律规则要求的价值标准，选取要素构建动态评价体系是指引法官更好适用这一条文的良好途径。《民法典》第563条第1款第4项作为法定解除事由的一般条款，以拟制当事人的意思作为正当化事由，故而需要再要素选择时着重考虑当事人的意思。“合同目的”一方面是司法推定的结果，另一方面则基于合同当事人对他方允诺的信赖而产生，并反映了当事人所欲追求的利益，这要求要素选择时兼顾双方利益平衡与信赖保护。结合司法裁判文书来看，在对合同目的能否实现的判断过程中，常常结合标的物的使用价值和当事人的意思综合判定。而在要素互动层面，需根据合同类型、违约形态对要素权重进行类型化调整，并在要素冲突时遵循客观优先、信赖补充、约定优先等协调路径，从而在概念僵化与法官裁量之间探寻第三条道路。

Abstract: “Failure to achieve the purpose of the contract” appears multiple times in the Civil Code, with Article 563(1)(4) being the most challenging to interpret. Due to the ambiguity of concepts such as “purpose of the contract” and “other breaches of contract” judicial determination under this provision is often difficult. Introducing the theory of the dynamic system, which constructs a dynamic evaluation framework based on the value standards required by legal rules, serves as an effective approach to guide judges in better applying this provision. As a general clause for statutory grounds of rescission, Article 563(1)(4) of the Civil Code relies on the presumed intent of the parties as its justification, thereby necessitating careful consideration of the parties’ intentions in the selection of elements. “Purpose of the contract,” on the one hand, is the result of judicial presumption, and on the other hand, arises from the reliance of contractual parties on the promises of the other party, reflecting the interests they seek to pursue. This requires balancing the interests of both parties and protecting reliance in the selection of elements. Based on judicial rulings, the determination of whether the purpose of the contract can be achieved often involves a comprehensive assessment of the use value of the subject matter and the intentions of the parties.