超声促进溴代反应研究进展：从方法学到多技术耦合

Recent Advances in Ultrasound-Assisted Bromination Reactions: From Methodology to Multi-Technique Coupling

摘要: 溴代反应作为有机合成化学中的基础转化，在医药中间体制备、功能材料合成及天然产物结构修饰中占据核心地位。传统溴代方法普遍依赖液溴或N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺等化学计量试剂，存在选择性控制困难、反应条件苛刻及环境负荷高等问题。超声化学凭借其独特的空化效应，可在温和条件下实现反应速率的显著提升与选择性的有效调控。本文系统综述了超声促进溴代反应的研究进展，从超声化学基本原理出发，重点阐述了超声技术在芳香族化合物选择性溴代、杂环化合物溴代、羰基化合物α-溴代及烯烃溴代等反应类型中的应用，探讨了新型溴源与绿色反应介质的协同效应，分析了超声–光催化–电化学–连续流多技术耦合的最新发展，并展望了机制研究、智能化合成及工艺放大等未来方向。

Abstract: As a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis, bromination plays a central role in the preparation of pharmaceutical intermediates, the synthesis of functional materials, and the structural modification of natural products. Conventional bromination methods generally rely on stoichiometric reagents such as liquid bromine or N-bromosuccinimide, which suffer from difficulties in selectivity control, harsh reaction conditions, and high environmental impact. Sonochemistry, leveraging its unique cavitation effect, can significantly enhance reaction rates and effectively regulate selectivity under mild conditions. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in ultrasound-assisted bromination reactions. Starting from the fundamental principles of sonochemistry, it focuses on the application of ultrasound technology in selective bromination of aromatic compounds, bromination of heterocyclic compounds, α-bromination of carbonyl compounds, and bromination of alkenes. It explores the synergistic effects of novel bromine sources and green reaction media, analyzes the latest developments in the multi-technology coupling of ultrasound-photocatalysis-electrochemistry-continuous flow multi-technology coupling, and outlines future directions such as mechanistic studies, intelligent synthesis, and process scale-up.