混掺纤维混凝土的力学特性与耐久性研究综述

A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

摘要: 自19世纪末以来，随着工业化进程的加速、计算理论的完善、材料技术的革新以及城市建设的广泛推进，混凝土的用量急剧增长。传统混凝土主要由硅酸盐水泥、粗细骨料与水拌合而成，是一种广泛应用的无机胶凝材料。进入21世纪，建筑材料的发展理念已从单纯追求强度转向高性能与绿色环保并重。然而，传统混凝土在广泛应用中暴露出抗拉强度低、韧性差、易于开裂等固有缺陷。复合材料已成为当前混凝土技术创新发展的主流方向。玄武岩纤维作为一种新型无机环保材料，不仅具有优异的耐高温、耐腐蚀性能，还具备卓越的力学性能；而秸秆纤维作为农业副产物，具有良好的资源化利用潜力。将二者复合掺入混凝土，不仅可实现性能互补与协同增强，还能有效控制材料成本。尤其在极寒地区，如我国东北寒旱区及高纬度冻土区，冬季极端低温可达−30℃~−10℃，年冻融循环次数超过100次，且常伴随盐冻耦合侵蚀作用，导致混凝土结构出现冻胀开裂、强度衰减和耐久性失效等突出问题。在此类恶劣环境下，传统混凝土的服役寿命仅为常规地区的1/3至1/2，严重制约工程质量的保障。因此，开展玄武岩–秸秆混杂纤维混凝土的研究具有重要理论与工程应用价值。

Abstract: Since the late 19th century, with the advancement of industrialization, the refinement of computational theories, innovations in material technology, and the large-scale expansion of urban construction, the consumption of concrete has increased dramatically. Traditional concrete, primarily composed of Portland cement, aggregates, and water, has long served as a fundamental inorganic cementitious material. In the 21st century, however, the paradigm of material development has shifted from merely enhancing strength to pursuing high performance and environmental sustainability. Despite its widespread use, conventional concrete exhibits inherent limitations such as low tensile strength, poor toughness, and a tendency to crack. Against this backdrop, composite materials have emerged as a mainstream direction in concrete innovation. Basalt fiber, a novel inorganic eco-friendly material, not only offers outstanding resistance to high temperatures and corrosion but also possesses excellent mechanical properties. Meanwhile, straw fiber, as an agricultural byproduct, holds great potential for resource utilization. The combined incorporation of these two fibers into concrete not only enables complementary performance and synergistic enhancement but also helps to control material costs. In extremely cold regions—such as the cold and arid zones of Northeast China and high-latitude permafrost areas—where winter temperatures range from −30˚C to −10˚C and freeze-thaw cycles exceed 100 times annually, coupled with salt-freeze erosion, concrete structures often suffer from frost heave cracking, strength deterioration, and durability failure. Under such harsh conditions, the service life of traditional concrete is merely one-third to one-half of that in temperate regions, posing significant challenges to engineering quality. Therefore, research on basalt-straw fiber hybrid reinforced concrete is of great theoretical and practical significance.