β2-微球蛋白在阿尔茨海默病中的研究进展

Research Progress on β2-Microglobulin in Alzheimer’s Disease

摘要: 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s Disease, AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病。β2‑微球蛋白(β2‑Microglobulin, β2M)作为主要组织相容性复合体I类分子的轻链组分，兼具免疫相关功能与体液可检测性，近年研究提示其可能参与AD病理进程。本文结合基础与临床证据，综述β2M与衰老、认知损害及AD核心生物标志物的关联，并从Aβ共聚集、胶质细胞反应‑tau病理通路及突触功能障碍等角度梳理其潜在作用机制。现有研究表明，β2M可能参与AD连续体的多重病理改变，具备一定的病理分层与生物标志物探索价值，但其与AD的因果关系、疾病特异性、外周血与脑脊液水平的一致性，以及临床转化价值仍需进一步验证。

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. β2-microglobulin (β2M), the light-chain component of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, has both immune-related functions and detectability in body fluids, and recent studies suggest that it may be involved in the pathological progression of AD. Based on both basic and clinical evidence, this article reviews the associations of β2M with aging, cognitive impairment, and core AD biomarkers, and summarizes its potential mechanisms from the perspectives of Aβ co-aggregation, glial response-tau pathology pathways, and synaptic dysfunction. Current studies indicate that β2M may participate in multiple pathological changes across the AD continuum and may have potential value in pathological strati- fication and biomarker exploration. However, its causal relationship with AD, disease specificity, consistency between peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels, and clinical translational value still require further validation.