异地养老类型差异、影响因素与需求特征——基于中国云南的实证分析

Patterns, Determinants, and Support Needs of Retirement Migration—Evidence from Yunnan, China

摘要: 随着经济快速发展及人民生活水平提升，异地养老已成为老年群体追求高品质生活的重要途径。近年来，中国老年群体无论是季节性旅居还是异地长期定居，其规模都在日益扩大。本研究以云南为例，系统比较了季节性旅居、过渡型居住以及长期居住三类群体在迁移动因、生活适应、服务评价与需求特征方面的差异。研究发现，气候与自然生态优势是吸引老年人来滇养老的核心“拉力”。尽管受访者整体适应水平良好，但语言沟通障碍与交通通达性不足仍是制约其深度融入的关键因素。数据分析显示养老服务领域存在显著的“信息滞后”现象，大量受访者对相关服务表示“未使用或不了解”，反映出服务入口与信息对接不足。多变量回归分析表明，居住时长受年龄、教育水平及健康状况的显著影响。其中，高龄群体表现出更强的长期居住倾向，而教育水平则作为独立变量影响其迁移决策。未来政策应面向不同异地养老群体构建更加精准的服务支持体系，重点加强信息可及性、服务可达性与在地融入支持，以推动异地养老服务的精细化与可持续发展。

Abstract: With rapid economic development and improving living standards, retirement migration has emerged as a pivotal pathway for older adults to pursue a higher quality of life. In recent years, China has witnessed a continuous expansion in the scale of both seasonal stayers and long-term elderly settlers. Taking Yunnan as a case study, this research systematically compares three types of retirement migration—seasonal, transitional, and long-term—regarding their migration motivations, life adaptation, service evaluation, and support needs. The findings indicate that climatic and ecological advantages constitute the primary “pull factors” attracting older adults to Yunnan. While respondents generally reported high levels of adaptation, linguistic barriers and insufficient transport accessibility remain critical constraints to their social integration. Furthermore, a significant “information lag” exists in the eldercare service sector, as evidenced by a large proportion of respondents being unaware of or not utilizing available services, highlighting a deficiency in service access points and information linkage. Multivariate regression analysis reveals that the length of stay is significantly influenced by age, educational attainment, and health status. Specifically, advanced age is associated with a stronger inclination toward long-term residence, while education acts as an independent variable affecting migration decisions. Accordingly, future policies should develop more targeted support systems for diverse migrant groups, with an emphasis on enhancing information transparency, service accessibility, and social integration to promote the refined and sustainable development of cross-regional eldercare services.