从《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》看马克思主义妇女解放理论

A Marxist Perspective on Women’s Liberation: Reading Engels’ The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

摘要: 恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》中运用历史唯物主义方法，系统考察了妇女地位的演变过程，揭示了私有制是妇女受压迫的根本根源。本文从妇女地位演变、受压迫根源、解放途径、理论意义及现实启示五个维度展开论述。研究发现，两种生产的不平衡发展、社会分工的深化以及私有制的确立，共同导致妇女从母权制时代的崇高地位跌落至父权制下的从属地位。妇女解放的根本路径在于消灭私有制、使女性重返公共事业、确保婚姻自主权。恩格斯的妇女解放思想不仅丰富了唯物史观、发展了马克思主义妇女解放理论，也为当代中国促进性别平等提供了重要的理论指导与现实启示。本文所讨论的妇女解放，是在马克思主义理论语境下展开的。

Abstract: In The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Engels employs the method of historical materialism to systematically examine the historical evolution of women’s status, revealing that private property is the fundamental root of women’s oppression. This article discusses the issue from five dimensions: the evolution of women’s status, the root causes of oppression, the pathways to liberation, theoretical significance, and practical implications. The study finds that the uneven development of the two kinds of production, the deepening of the social division of labor, and the establishment of private property collectively led to women’s decline from a position of high esteem in the age of matriarchy to a subordinate role under patriarchy. The fundamental pathways to women’s liberation lie in the abolition of private property, women’s return to public industry, and the guarantee of marital autonomy. Engels’ thought on women’s liberation not only enriches the materialist conception of history and develops the Marxist theory of women’s liberation, but also provides important theoretical guidance and practical implications for promoting gender equality in contemporary China. The concept of women’s liberation discussed in this article is articulated within the context of Marxist theory.