裁判设立居住权的相关问题探讨

Study on Issues Related to the Judicial Creation of Habitation Rights

摘要: 2021年《中华人民共和国民法典》出台，确立了根据合同约定和遗嘱设立居住权的居住权制度，然而已无法满足现实生活中不断涌现的多样居住权益纠纷。司法实践则提供了以裁判方式设立居住权来弥补意定居住权的突破路径。虽未有明文规定，但其在正当性与可行性上具有诸多依据。而由于法律制度尚不完善，裁判设立居住权在实践中的运用存在限制，当前适用领域也较为单一。为更好贯彻居住权制度的立法目的，发挥裁判设立居住权的作用，充分保障权利人的居住利益，未来其适用情形应当更加广阔。

Abstract: The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, enacted in 2021, establishes a system for creating habitation rights through contracts and wills. However, this system cannot adequately address the growing variety of disputes over habitation rights arising in practice. Judicial practice has thus pioneered a breakthrough approach—creating habitation rights through judicial adjudication—to supplement consensual habitation rights. Although not explicitly provided for by statute, this approach is supported by strong justification and feasibility. Nevertheless, due to the still-imperfect legal framework, the application of judicially created habitation rights remains constrained in practice, with the scope of its use being relatively narrow at present. To better fulfill the legislative purpose of the habitation right system, maximize the role of judicial creation in this field, and fully safeguard the habitation interests of rights holders, the situations in which such rights may be applied should be further expanded in the future.