颗粒形状模拟的离散元法在岩土工程中的研究进展与应用

Research Progress and Application of Discrete Element Method for Particle Shape Simulation in Geotechnical Engineering

摘要: 颗粒离散元法是一种基于牛顿运动定律的数值模拟技术，专门用于研究由离散颗粒组成的材料的力学行为和动态演化过程。随着计算条件的不断发展，颗粒离散元法在岩土工程数值分析中已有一定应用。在真实条件下，颗粒形状往往较为复杂，因此对复杂颗粒形状的模拟在研究岩土颗粒材料物理力学特性中至关重要。本文系统阐述了考虑颗粒形状的离散元法(DEM)在岩土工程中的研究进展与应用现状。剖析散粒体材料的复杂力学特性，点明传统连续体力学方法的局限之处，着重突出离散元法在揭示颗粒材料宏细观力学机制方面的优势。文章重点探讨了颗粒形状的模拟方法：典型形状模拟(通过参数化方法量化球形度、长细比等)与真实形状模拟(基于三维扫描与数学重构技术)，总结了两种方法在机理研究、复杂应力路径模拟及多尺度耦合分析中的应用成果。同时，揭示了当前存在的关键问题，包括颗粒形状分类标准缺失、真实形状建模的计算效率与精度矛盾、参数标定复杂等。未来研究需结合大数据与算法优化提升计算效率，并深化颗粒形状对加卸载过程力学响应的影响机制，以推动离散元法在岩土工程中的实际应用。

Abstract: Particle discrete element method is a numerical simulation technique based on Newton’s laws of motion, specifically used to study the mechanical behavior and dynamic evolution process of materials composed of discrete particles. With the continuous development of computational conditions, the particle discrete element method has been applied to numerical analysis of geotechnical engineering. Under real conditions, particle shapes are often complex, so simulating complex particle shapes is crucial in studying the physical and mechanical properties of geotechnical granular materials. This article systematically elaborates on the research progress and application status of Discrete Element Method (DEM) considering particle shape in geotechnical engineering. By analyzing the complex mechanical properties of granular materials, the limitations of traditional continuum mechanics methods are pointed out, and the advantages of discrete element method in revealing the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical mechanisms of granular materials are emphasized. The article focuses on the simulation methods of particle shape: typical shape simulation (quantifying sphericity, aspect ratio, etc. through parameterization methods) and real shape simulation (based on 3D scanning and mathematical reconstruction techniques), and summarizes the application results of the two methods in mechanism research, complex stress path simulation, and multi-scale coupling analysis. At the same time, key issues that currently exist were revealed, including the lack of particle shape classification standards, the contradiction between computational efficiency and accuracy in modeling real shapes, and the complexity of parameter calibration. Future research needs to combine big data and algorithm optimization to improve computational efficiency, and deepen the influence mechanism of particle shape on the mechanical response of loading and unloading processes, in order to promote the practical application of discrete element method in geotechnical engineering.