《家庭教育促进法》与《未成年人保护法》视域下的未成年人监护责任研究

Research on the Guardianship Responsibility of Minors from the Perspectives of The Law on Family Education Promotion and The Law on the Protection of Minors

摘要: 《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》的颁布与《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》的修订修正，推动我国未成年人监护责任法律体系实现系统性建构，标志着未成年人监护从传统“家庭私事”向“国家要事”的转型，正式迈入国家责任与社会共治的新阶段。两法以“最有利于未成年人”为核心原则，共同确立了以家庭监护为基础、国家监护为保障、社会力量为协同的多元主体协同监护制度框架。本文从两法的规范体系出发，界定未成年人监护责任的现代内涵，梳理两法中多元监护责任主体的权责配置，分析多元主体的协同机制，结合实践指出当前监护责任落实过程中存在的家庭监护支持悬浮化、国家监护启动模糊化、跨部门协同碎片化、司法干预平衡难及家庭教育指导形式化等问题，并针对性提出路径，以期推动法律文本的制度优势转化为未成年人监护保护的治理效能，为未成年人健康成长筑牢法治基础。

Abstract: The promulgation of the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Family Education Promotion” and the revision of the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Minors” have promoted the systematic construction of the legal system for the guardianship responsibility of minors in China, marking the transformation of the guardianship of minors from a traditional “family private matter” to a “national concern”, and officially entering a new stage of national responsibility and social co-governance. Both laws take “what is most beneficial to minors” as the core principle, jointly establishing a multi-subject collaborative guardianship system framework based on family guardianship, with state guardianship as a guarantee and social forces as a complement. This article starts from the normative systems of the two laws, defines the modern connotation of the guardianship responsibility of minors, sorts out the rights and responsibilities configuration of the multi-subject guardianship responsibility in the two laws, analyzes the collaborative mechanism of the multi-subjects, and points out the problems existing in the implementation of guardianship responsibility in the current practice, such as the suspension of family guardianship support, the ambiguity of the initiation of state guardianship, the fragmentation of cross-departmental collaboration, the difficulty in balancing judicial intervention, and the formalization of family education guidance. It also puts forward targeted solutions, with the aim of converting the institutional advantages of the legal text into the governance efficiency of the guardianship protection of minors, and laying a solid legal foundation for the healthy growth of minors.