基于分钟降水数据的贵阳机场中等强度及以上的降水统计特征

Statistical Characteristics of Moderate to Heavy Precipitation at Guiyang Airport Based on Minute Precipitation Data

摘要: 利用贵阳机场近十年分钟级降水观测资料和ERA5再分析等资料，统计分析中等强度及以上降水事件的分布特征与影响系统，结果表明：(1) 近十年贵阳机场中雨和大雨频次及持续时间呈下降趋势，极端强降水无显著变化；(2) 降水夏季最多、春季次之，6月为峰值；(3) 日峰值位于夜间至早晨，冬春季夜雨明显；降水持续时间短，76%的事件在20 min内结束；(4) 降水共分为四类：局地对流型(副高影响，多发于夏季午后)、对流型(原因复杂，多发生于春夏季夜间，多雷暴)、混合型(低涡/切变线主导，持续时间较短，多数无雷暴)及热带低压外围型(出现次数最少，多发于夏季傍晚)。研究揭示了贵阳机场中等强度及以上降水持续时间短、多夜雨及系统分类明显的鲜明特征，成果可为西南复杂地形下强降水短临预警与航空气象保障提供科学依据，对深化山地机场强降水机理认识具有参考价值。

Abstract: Using minute-level precipitation observation data from Guiyang Airport over the past decade and ERA5 reanalysis data, this study statistically analyzed the distribution characteristics and influencing systems of moderate-to-heavy precipitation events. Results indicate that: (1) The frequency and duration of moderate and heavy rainfall at Guiyang Airport have shown a declining trend over the past decade, while extreme heavy precipitation events remain stable; (2) Precipitation peaks in summer, followed by spring, with June being the peak month; (3) Daily precipitation peaks occur between night and morning, with significant nighttime rainfall in winter and spring; the precipitation duration was short, with 76% of events ending within 20 minutes; (4) Precipitation events are categorized into four types: local convective (affected by subtropical high, mostly occurring in summer afternoons), convective (complex causes, predominantly thunderstorms in spring/summer nights), mixed (dominated by low vortex/shelf line, short duration, mostly non-thunderstorm events), and tropical low-pressure peripheral (rarest occurrence, mostly in summer evenings). The research reveals distinct characteristics of Guiyang Airport’s precipitation events, including short duration, frequent nighttime rainfall, and clear system classification. These findings provide scientific basis for short-term heavy precipitation warnings and aviation meteorological support in southwestern China’s complex terrain, while offering valuable insights into understanding heavy precipitation mechanisms in mountainous airport environments.