劳动者分层保护视域下的就业保障制度研究

A Study on Employment Security Systems from the Perspective of Tiered Protection for Workers

摘要: 数字经济与多元用工形态的发展，使传统劳动法将劳动者视为同质“抽象弱者”的预设难以适配现实，劳动者群体内部阶层分化显著。本文立足实质正义理念，探讨从“一体保护”向“分层分类保护”的范式转型，通过分析劳动者从属性、议价能力与生存依赖度的差异，构建弱势、标准、强势三层分类框架。针对超龄劳动者、新业态从业者面临的“保障失衡”“身份模糊”等制度困境，提出“统一底线、分层配置”路径：以不可克减的劳动基准为统一底线，结合不同层级劳动者特性差异化配置权益。文章主张将分层保护逻辑融入劳动法典编纂，实现底层劳动者精准保障与高层劳动者适度赋权，在坚守底线公平的同时，回应劳动力市场结构性变迁的挑战。

Abstract: The development of the digital economy and diverse forms of employment has rendered the traditional labor law’s assumption that workers are homogeneous “abstractly vulnerable” individuals increasingly incompatible with reality, as significant stratification has emerged within the workforce. Grounded in the principle of substantive justice, this paper explores a paradigm shift from “uniform protection” to “tiered and categorized protection”. By analyzing differences in workers’ attributes, bargaining power, and degree of dependency on employment, it constructs a three-tier classification framework comprising vulnerable, standard, and strong categories. Addressing institutional challenges such as “protection imbalances” and “ambiguous status” faced by older workers and those in new business models, the paper proposes a “unified baseline, tiered allocation” approach: establishing non-derogable labor standards as a unified baseline, while allocating rights and benefits in a differentiated manner based on the characteristics of workers at different tiers. The article advocates incorporating the logic of tiered protection into the codification of labor law to achieve precise protection for low-tier workers and appropriate empowerment for high-tier workers, thereby upholding baseline fairness while responding to the challenges posed by structural shifts in the labor market.