马克思“现实的人”概念本质的演进——从《德意志意识形态》到科学社会主义纲领性文献

The Evolution of Marx’s Concept of “Real Human Beings”—From The German Ideology to the Programmatic Documents of Scientific Socialism

摘要: “现实的人”是马克思思想的逻辑前提。区别于其他思想流派的抽象人概念，马克思语境中的“现实的人”，是在生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的辩证运动中形成的结构性存在。从思想史的演进脉络来看，《德意志意识形态》中的“现实的人”，是哲学层面的宏观理论预设与思维抽象；《哲学的贫困》与科学社会主义纲领性文件则分别从“经济–人”“阶级–人”的“思维具体”层次，完成了中观层面的论证。由此可见，“现实的人”是处于实践运动过程、多重对象性关系形塑下的结构性存在，这一核心内涵贯穿马克思思想发展的全过程。

Abstract: “Real human beings” is the logical premise of Marx’s thought. Different from the abstract human concepts in other ideological schools, the “real human beings” in Marx’s context is a structural existence formed in the dialectical movement of productive forces and production relations, and economic base and superstructure. From the perspective of the evolution of the history of thought, the “real person” in The German Ideology is a macro-theoretical presupposition and thinking abstraction at the philosophical level; The Poverty of Philosophy and the programmatic documents of scientific socialism respectively complete the meso-level argumentation from the “economy-person” and “class-person” levels of “thinking concreteness”. Thus, it can be seen that the “real person” is a structural existence shaped in the process of practical movement and multiple object relations, and this core connotation runs through the entire process of Marx's thought development.