独生子女家庭的养老困境与应对路径研究——基于代际功能变迁的视角

Research on the Pension Dilemma and Coping Path of One-Child Families—Based on the Perspective of Intergenerational Functional Change

摘要: 自计划生育政策实施以来，我国形成了规模庞大的独生子女群体，如今第一代独生子女父母已全面进入老年期，独生子女家庭的养老问题成为我国积极应对人口老龄化进程中的核心议题。本文基于代际功能关系理论，结合全国人口普查数据与既有实证研究成果，系统分析了独生子女家庭养老的代际功能变迁逻辑，深入剖析了当前独生子女家庭在经济保障、生活照料、精神慰藉与制度支持层面面临的多重养老困境。研究发现，家庭结构核心化、代际支持双向失衡、养老风险高度集中，是独生子女家庭养老问题产生的核心根源。基于此，本文从完善专项制度保障、构建多元化养老服务体系、重塑正向代际功能关系、统筹城乡养老保障体系四个维度，提出了针对性的应对路径，以期为完善我国养老保障体系、破解独生子女家庭养老难题提供理论参考与实践指引。

Abstract: Since the implementation of the family planning policy, a large-scale only-child group has been formed in China. Today, the parents of the first generation of only children have fully entered the old age, and the pension problem of only-child families has become a core issue in China’s process of actively responding to population aging. Based on the intergenerational functional relationship theory, combined with the national census data and existing empirical research results, this paper systematically analyzes the intergenerational function change logic of pension in only-child families, and deeply explores the multiple pension dilemmas faced by current only-child families in the aspects of economic security, life care, spiritual comfort and institutional support. The study finds that the coreization of family structure, the two-way imbalance of intergenerational support and the high concentration of pension risks are the core roots of the pension problems of only-child families. Based on this, this paper puts forward targeted coping paths from four dimensions: improving special institutional guarantee, building a diversified pension service system, reshaping positive intergenerational functional relations, and coordinating urban and rural pension guarantee systems, in order to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for improving China’s pension guarantee system and solving the pension dilemma of only-child families.