农村人口老龄化背景下村民自治制度调适与优化路径

Pathways for Adapting and Optimizing the Village Self-Governance System in the Context of an Aging Rural Population

摘要: 农村人口老龄化对村民自治的治理需求、治理主体和治理方式提出新的要求，同时又可能阻碍村民自治能力提升，因此有必要讨论农村人口结构、消费结构和公共服务需求结构变化背景下村民自治制度如何实现适老化调整。传统村民自治以村庄公共事务处理、自然资源分配和村庄秩序维护为主，农村人口老龄化背景下村民自治需要破解自治主体能力不足和治理资源不匹配困境，实现向老年友好型村民自治的转换。文章基于对农村人口老龄化背景下村民自治制度调适理论逻辑和现实困境的分析，提出相应建议：村民自治制度优化应注重组织引领、资源整合、主体培育与激励保障的有机结合，整合政府、市场、社会和家庭等多方资源，激发老年群体和村庄内部主体的参与动力，健全资金支持、参与激励、能力培训和技术辅助等保障机制，增强村民自治运行的可持续性，推动农村老龄化背景下村民自治有效转型。

Abstract: The aging of the rural population places new demands on the governance requirements, actors and methods of village self-governance, whilst simultaneously potentially hindering the enhancement of such governance capabilities. It is therefore necessary to examine how the village self-governance system can be adapted to accommodate the aging population against the backdrop of changes in rural demographic structure, consumption patterns and public service needs. Traditional village self-governance has primarily focused on the management of village public affairs, the allocation of natural resources, and the maintenance of village order. Against the backdrop of an aging rural population, village self-governance must overcome the challenges of insufficient capacity among governing bodies and mismatched governance resources, thereby transitioning towards an elderly-friendly model of village self-governance. Based on an analysis of the theoretical logic and practical challenges of adapting the village self-governance system to an aging rural population, this article proposes the following recommendations: The optimisation of the village self-governance system should focus on the organic integration of organisational leadership, resource consolidation, capacity building, and incentive mechanisms. It should integrate resources from multiple sources—including government, the market, society and the family—to stimulate the motivation for participation among the elderly and other internal village stakeholders. Furthermore, it should improve support mechanisms such as financial backing, participation incentives, capacity-building training and technical assistance, thereby enhancing the sustainability of village self-governance operations and promoting its effective transformation in the context of rural aging.