燃煤烟气二氧化硫控制技术研究综述

A Review of Research on Sulfur Dioxide Control Technology for Coal-Fired Flue Gas

摘要: 中国以煤为主的能源结构在保障国家能源安全的同时，也带来了严峻的二氧化硫(SO₂)排放挑战。尽管“十四五”期间大气污染防治成效显著，SO₂浓度降至历史低位，但燃煤总量依然庞大，且区域复合污染、移动源排放等问题凸显，使得SO₂治理仍是“十五五”期间的重点任务。文章系统综述了SO₂的来源、危害及我国当前的污染控制现状，并在此基础上，全面梳理了国内外烟气脱硫技术的发展历程与技术体系。重点围绕燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后三大脱硫路径，深入分析了干法、半干法、湿法等主流工艺的技术原理、系统构成、优缺点及适用场景。此外，特别对石灰石–石膏法、钠碱法、氨法、镁法、海水法等湿法技术进行了对比评述，并针对资源化脱硫的新趋势，详细阐述了矿浆法，尤其是面向地域矿产特色的氧化锌法脱硫工艺及其副产物处理技术。最后，展望了未来烟气脱硫技术向高效协同、节能降耗、智能控制及深度资源化方向发展的趋势，为相关领域的研究与实践提供参考。

Abstract: While China’s coal-dominated energy structure ensures national energy security, it also poses a severe challenge in terms of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions. Although significant progress has been made in air pollution control during the 14^th Five-Year Plan period, with SO₂ concentrations dropping to historic lows, the total volume of coal consumption remains substantial. Furthermore, issues such as regional composite pollution and emissions from mobile sources have become increasingly prominent, making SO₂ control a key priority for the 15^th Five-Year Plan period. This paper provides a systematic review of the sources and hazards of SO₂ as well as the current status of pollution control in China. Building on this foundation, it comprehensively examines the development history and technical frameworks of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies both domestically and internationally. Focusing on the three major desulfurization pathways—pre-combustion, in-combustion, and post-combustion—the article conducts an in-depth analysis of the technical principles, system configurations, advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of mainstream processes such as dry, semi-dry, and wet methods. In particular, it provides a comparative review of wet desulfurization technologies such as the limestone-gypsum process, soda-alkali process, ammonia process, magnesium process, and seawater process. Furthermore, in response to the emerging trend of resource-recovery desulfurization, the paper elaborates on the slurry method, with a special focus on the zinc oxide desulfurization process—tailored to regional mineral resources—and its byproduct treatment technologies. Finally, this paper outlines future trends in flue gas desulfurization technology toward high-efficiency synergy, energy conservation and reduced consumption, intelligent control, and advanced resource recovery, providing a reference for research and practice in related fields.