防雷技术标准应用与监管效能的多维度评估——基于黔东南防雷安全重点单位的调查分析

Multi-Dimensional Assessment of the Application of Lightning Protection Technical Standards and Regulatory Effectiveness—An Investigation and Analysis Based on Key Lightning Safety Units in Qiandongnan

摘要: 为掌握黔东南州防雷安全重点单位履行防雷安全主体责任的实际能力与薄弱环节，研究采用问卷调查法，对辖区内515家涵盖八大类别的防雷重点单位开展系统性调查，共回收有效问卷433份。调查发现，受访企业普遍存在防雷法律法规认知模糊(如仅30%知晓雷电防护装置需经气象部门验收)、技术标准应用不深(如仅59.4%能依据规范落实管理)、自主管理能力薄弱(如仅18.5%能全面掌握本单位防雷重点区域)以及信息化平台使用率低(如仅70%熟悉全国防雷减灾综合服务平台)等问题。同时，94.2%的受访者支持制定分类防雷安全管理规范，并提出了加快标准编制、强化技术培训、推动信息化与智能化监管等具体需求。基于调查结果，文章提出分类编制《防雷安全重点单位防雷管理规范》、优化全国防雷减灾综合服务系统功能、推动监管模式从“执法监管”向“服务监管”转型、加强防雷安全宣传与培训等对策建议，以期为提升民族地区与高雷暴风险区防雷安全重点单位自主管理能力提供实证依据与路径参考。

Abstract: To grasp the actual capabilities and weaknesses of key lightning protection units in Qiandongnan Prefecture in fulfilling their primary responsibility for lightning safety, this study conducted a systematic survey using questionnaires among 515 key units across eight categories within the jurisdiction. A total of 433 valid questionnaires were collected. The survey revealed that respondent enterprises generally suffer from vague awareness of lightning protection laws and regulations (e.g., only 30% are aware that lightning protection devices require acceptance by meteorological departments), shallow application of technical standards (e.g., only 59.4% can implement management based on specifications), weak autonomous management capabilities (e.g., only 18.5% can fully master the key lightning protection areas of their own units), and low utilization rates of information platforms (e.g., only 70% are familiar with the National Comprehensive Service Platform for Lightning Disaster Prevention and Mitigation). Meanwhile, 94.2% of respondents support the formulation of classified lightning safety management specifications and have put forward specific demands such as accelerating standard compilation, strengthening technical training, and promoting intelligent and informatized regulation. Based on the survey results, this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions, including compiling classified “Lightning Safety Management Specifications for Key Lightning Protection Units”, optimizing the functions of the National Comprehensive Service System for Lightning Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, promoting the transformation of the regulatory model from “law enforcement-based regulation” to “service-oriented regulation”, and strengthening lightning safety publicity and training. These measures aim to provide empirical evidence and path references for enhancing the autonomous management capabilities of key lightning protection units in ethnic minority areas and regions with high thunderstorm risks.