水环境化学中亚硝化单胞菌的代谢机制、环境调控与应用研究进展

Research Progress on Metabolic Mechanisms, Environmental Regulation and Applications of Nitrosomonas in Aquatic Environmental Chemistry

摘要: 亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas)作为化能自养型氨氧化细菌(AOB)的核心类群，在水环境硝化反应中承担关键角色——通过氨单加氧酶(AMO)将氨氮(NH⁺)氧化为亚硝态氮(NO⁻)，是全球氮循环与水环境脱氮系统的“限速步骤”。本文系统梳理了亚硝化单胞菌的分类学特征与水环境分布规律，深入解析其氨氧化代谢机制及关键功能酶(AMO、HAO)的调控逻辑，重点阐述了水环境化学参数(pH、溶解氧、盐度、抑制剂)、界面作用(生物膜、沉积物微环境)对其活性与群落稳定性的影响，总结了亚硝化单胞菌在市政污水、工业废水及自然水体修复中的强化技术与应用案例，最后指出当前极端水环境适配性、复合污染抑制机制、工程化稳定性等研究瓶颈，展望了合成生物学改造、AI辅助工艺调控等前沿方向，为水环境氮循环调控与低碳脱氮技术优化提供理论支撑与技术参考。

Abstract: Nitrosomonas, as a core group of chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), plays a crucial role in nitrification in aquatic environments—oxidizing ammonia nitrogen (NH⁺) to nitrite nitrogen (NO⁻) via ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which is the “rate-limiting step” in the global nitrogen cycle and aquatic denitrification system. This paper systematically reviews the taxonomic characteristics and aquatic distribution patterns of Nitrosomonas, deeply analyzes its ammonia oxidation metabolic mechanism and the regulatory logic of key functional enzymes (AMO, HAO), and focuses on the influence of aquatic environmental chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, inhibitors) and interfacial interactions (biofilm, sediment microenvironment) on its activity and community stability. It summarizes the enhancement technologies and application cases of Nitrosomonas in the remediation of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and natural water bodies. Finally, it points out the current research bottlenecks in extreme aquatic environments, mechanisms for inhibiting complex pollution, and engineering stability, and looks forward to cutting-edge directions such as synthetic biology modification and AI-assisted process control, providing theoretical support and technical reference for the regulation of nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments and the optimization of low-carbon denitrification technologies.