青年马克思人本主义的历史唯物主义转向——以马克思与费尔巴哈、赫斯的思想对话为线索

The Turn from Young Marx’s Humanism to Historical Materialism—Taking the Intellectual Dialogue between Marx, Feuerbach and Hess as the Clue

摘要: 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的异化劳动思想揭示了劳动者与劳动产品、生产活动、类本质以及人与人之间关系的异化。然而，在说明异化的第四重规定性时，马克思遭遇了费尔巴哈人本主义哲学所带来的三重困境：类哲学与对象性原理的抽象性、异化观的孤立性。此后，马克思在《穆勒评注》中吸收了赫斯的理论，实现了从微观个体批判到宏观批判、从抽象的对象性原理到具体的对象性活动、从问题的表现到问题的原因的三重转变，从而突破了费尔巴哈哲学的局限，转向了历史唯物主义。

Abstract: In the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Marx’s concept of alienated labor reveals the worker’s alienation from the product of labor, the activity of production, the species-being, and social relations among individuals. However, in explaining the fourth determination of alienation, Marx encountered three predicaments inherent in Feuerbach’s humanist philosophy: the abstractness of species-philosophy and the principle of objectivity, as well as the isolation of the concept of alienation. Subsequently, in the Excerpts from James Mill, Marx absorbed Hess’s theoretical insights and achieved three shifts: from a micro-level critique of the individual to a macro-level critique; from an abstract principle of objectivity to concrete objective activity; and from the manifestations of the problem to its underlying causes. In doing so, Marx overcame the limitations of Feuerbach’s philosophy and turned toward historical materialism.