区块链在不动产电子登记簿的法律问题研究

A Study on the Legal Issues of Blockchain in Electronic Real Estate Registries

摘要: 传统不动产登记制度面临效率低下、信息孤岛与公信力维护成本高等现实困境。区块链技术凭借其不可篡改、可追溯及智能合约等核心特性，为构建可信不动产电子登记簿提供了全新路径，并在我国多地开展了“区块链 + 不动产”实践探索。文章通过分析相关案例发现，该技术的应用在提升效率的同时，也引发了严峻的法律挑战。核心问题在于：其“多中心化”模式与登记的国家公信力基础存在张力，链上数据的透明性与个人信息保护存在冲突，错误登记后的责任分配与法律救济机制尚属空白。为应对上述挑战，必须构建与之适配的法律规制体系。建议通过立法明确区块链登记簿的法律效力，界定智能合约的法律性质并设立救济规则，利用技术手段平衡数据共享与隐私保护，最终建立跨部门的协同监管框架，以法律保障引领不动产登记制度的数字化转型升级。

Abstract: The traditional real estate registration system faces practical challenges such as inefficiency, information silos, and high costs associated with maintaining public trust. Leveraging core features such as immutability, traceability, and smart contracts, blockchain technology offers a new approach to building a trusted electronic real estate registry, and pilot projects combining blockchain with real estate have been launched in many regions across China. Through an analysis of relevant cases, this paper finds that while the application of this technology enhances efficiency, it also raises serious legal challenges. The core issues lie in the tension between its “decentralized” model and the foundation of state credibility in registration; the conflict between the transparency of on-chain data and the protection of personal information; and the absence of mechanisms for allocating liability and providing legal remedies following erroneous registrations. To address these challenges, it is essential to establish a legal regulatory framework tailored to this technology. It is recommended that legislation be enacted to clarify the legal validity of blockchain-based registries, define the legal nature of smart contracts, and establish rules for legal remedies. Technical measures should be employed to balance data sharing with privacy protection, and ultimately, a cross-departmental collaborative regulatory framework should be established to guide the digital transformation and upgrading of the real estate registration system through legal safeguards.